二、健康环境与条件持续改善
II. Continuous Improvement of Health Environment and Conditions文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
中国积极推广健康生活方式，开展全民健身运动，推进全民健康教育，保障食品和饮用水安全，改善生产、生活、生态和社会环境，为促进公民健康权提供了良好条件。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
China is keen to promote a healthy lifestyle, national fitness and health education, protect food and drinking water safety, and improve the environment for production, people’s life, ecology and society in order to better guarantee the Chinese people’s right to health.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
健康生活方式全面推行。2007年，国家启动全民健康生活方式行动，倡导居民合理饮食和适量运动，传播健康生活方式理念，创造健康的支持环境，提高全民健康意识和健康行为能力。截至2016年底，全国已有81.87%的县（区）开展了此项行动。发布《中国居民膳食指南（2016）》，对一般人群及儿童、老年人等特定群体进行科学合理膳食指导，引导居民做到平衡膳食、均衡营养。推进居民营养与健康状况监测，以及慢性病与营养监测和发布。推行全民减盐倡议，向居民传授减盐防控高血压等健康知识。实施重点人群营养改善措施，开展农村义务教育学生营养改善计划和贫困地区儿童营养改善项目。持续加大控烟力度，履行世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》规定。2014年深圳市实施《深圳经济特区控制吸烟条例》，2015年北京市实施《北京市控制吸烟条例》，2017年上海市实施《上海市公共场所控制吸烟条例》修正案，落实室内全面禁烟的要求。截至2016年底，全国已有18个城市制定了地方性无烟环境法规、规章，覆盖总人口的十分之一。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
Developing a healthy lifestyle. In 2007, China launched the Healthy Lifestyle for All campaign, calling on the Chinese people to develop a healthy diet and engage in physical exercises, advocating healthy lifestyle ideas, creating a supporting environment for a healthy lifestyle, and enhancing the people’s awareness and behavioral abilities to develop a healthy lifestyle. By the end of 2016, the campaign had covered 81.87 percent of counties (districts) across the country. China published the Chinese Dietary Guidelines (2016) that provides healthy dietary guidance to the Chinese people in general, and to children and the elderly in particular to help them develop a balanced diet and nutrition absorption; the government has intensified monitoring of the Chinese people’s nutritional status and health conditions while keeping track of, and issue information about chronic diseases and the people’s nutritional status; it urges the Chinese people to reduce their salt intake, and publicizes information on how to prevent and control high blood pressure; it has adopted measures to improve the nutritional status of key populations and instituted a nutritional improvement plan for compulsory education students in rural areas as well as nutritional improvement programs for children in poverty-stricken areas; the government is continuing to tighten control on the use of tobacco and implement the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. In 2014, Shenzhen began to activate the Regulations of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone on Smoking Control; in 2015, Beijing implemented the Beijing Regulation on Smoking Control; in 2017, Shanghai enacted revised Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on Smoking Control in Public Places, banning indoor smoking in public areas. By the end of 2016, 18 cities had adopted regulations on a smoke-free environment, covering one tenth of the population.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
全民健身运动蓬勃开展。将全民健身事业提升为国家战略，把全民健身工作纳入各级政府国民经济和社会发展规划、财政预算及年度工作报告。“政府主导、部门协同、全社会共同参与”的全民健身事业发展格局初步形成。自2009年颁行《全民健身条例》以来，全国已有16个省份和10个较大市制定了全民健身地方性法规，31个省（区、市）全部制定完成省级《全民健身实施计划》。从2009年起，国家将每年的8月8日定为“全民健身日”。2011年至2014年，全国已建成全民健身活动中心3405个，社区多功能运动场9447个，体育公园2366个，健身广场24879个，户外营地878个，室外健身器材169万件。各市（地）、县（区）、街道（乡、镇）、社区（行政村）普遍建有体育场地，配有健身设施。截至2015年底，全国经常参加体育锻炼的人数比例达到33.9%，人均体育场地面积达到1.57平方米，县级及以上地区体育总会平均覆盖率达到72%，各级各类青少年体育俱乐部达到7147个，全民健身站点平均达到每万人3个，社会化全民健身组织网络基本形成。
Giving full play to national physical fitness. Physical fitness has become a national strategy, and the work regarding people’s physical fitness has been included in economic and social development plans, fiscal budgets and annual work reports of governments at all levels. A development trajectory of nationwide physical fitness “led by the government, coordinated among relevant sectors and participated by all” has taken shape. Since the National Fitness Regulations were promulgated in 2009, 16 provinces and ten major cities have worked out local regulations on fitness for all, and all of the country’s 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have worked out provincial-level fitness-for-all programs. Since 2009, August 8 has become National Fitness Day in China. From 2011 to 2014, 3,405 fitness centers, 9,447 community multipurpose sports playgrounds, 2,366 sports parks, 24,879 fitness squares and 878 outdoor camps were established nationwide, with 1.69 million outdoor fitness facilities installed. Physical fitness venues and facilities can be found in communities (administrative villages), sub-districts (towns and townships), counties (districts) and cities (prefectures). By the end of 2015, up to 33.9 percent of the whole population engaged in physical exercises on a regular basis; the per capita sports venue area reached 1.57 square meters; the coverage rate of sports associations at county level and above was 72 percent; the number of various kinds of juvenile sports clubs was 7,147; every ten thousand people shared three fitness centers on average, and thus a popular national fitness network was basically formed.
全民健康教育持续推进。充分利用报刊、电视、广播、互联网及新媒体等宣传媒介开展公众健康宣传教育咨询，引导居民形成自主自律的健康生活方式。国家每年举办“中国环境与健康宣传周”活动。发布《中国公民环境与健康素养（试行）》《“同呼吸、共奋斗”公民行为准则》。通过基本公共卫生服务健康教育、健康素养促进行动、健康中国行、中医中药中国行、重大卫生主题宣传日等项目和活动，开展健康宣传教育。城乡居民健康素养水平由2008年的6.48%上升至2015年的10.25%。
Promoting national health education. Publicity media, such as newspapers, television, radio, the Internet and other forms of new media are utilized for public health publicity, education and consultation to help people develop a self-tailored and self-disciplined healthy lifestyle. China celebrates National Environment and Health Publicity Week every year; it has promulgated the Environment and Health Literacy of the Chinese Citizens (Trial) and a code of conduct for Chinese citizens with the slogan “Breathe the same air and get it done together” to improve air quality and intensify publicity and education through basic public health services and health education, health literacy promotion campaigns, the “Healthy Chinese” and “TCM in China” initiatives, and major theme-day public health publicity. Health awareness in both urban and rural areas rose to 10.25 percent in 2015 from 6.48 percent in 2008.
环境治理深入开展。加强区域联防联控，实现京津冀、长三角、珠三角县区级空气质量监测站点联网，京津冀及周边区域颗粒物组分和光化学监测网全面建成。2011年至2015年，全国化学需氧量和氨氮、二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放总量分别下降12.9%、13%、18%、18.6%。2016年，全国338个地级及以上城市细颗粒物（PM2.5）平均浓度同比下降6.0%，优良天数同比提高2.1个百分点。2013年，国家颁布实施《大气污染防治行动计划》。2014年至2016年，累计淘汰黄标车和老旧车辆1600余万辆。燃煤火电机组基本实现脱硫脱硝全覆盖。超低排放加快推进，截至2017年3月，完成煤电机组超低排放改造约5亿千瓦。实施《土壤污染防治行动计划》，全面启动土壤污染状况详查。颁布《污染地块土壤环境管理办法（试行）》，设立土壤污染防治专项资金。2016年和2017年，国家共下达专项资金约150亿元。初步建成国家土壤环境网，完成2.2万个基础点位布设，建成约1.5万个风险监控点。全面推动落实《水污染防治行动计划》。加强流域水环境综合治理。落实长江经济带大保护工作，组织排查城市黑臭水体。2016年，全国地表水国控监测断面Ⅰ－Ⅲ类水体比例达67.8%，劣V类水体比例降至8.6%。
Vigorously pursuing environmental improvement. Joint pollution prevention and control between different regions has been enhanced; air quality monitoring facilities at county and district levels in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta function as a network; a network monitoring particle matter (PM) and photochemical pollutants in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and neighboring areas is in full operation. From 2011 to 2015, the nationwide chemical oxygen demand, emissions of ammonia nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide decreased by 12.9 percent, 13 percent, 18 percent and 18.6 percent, respectively. In 2016, the PM2.5 average concentration dropped by 6.0 percent year on year and the number of days with excellent and good air quality increased by 2.1 percentage points year on year in 338 cities at the prefectural level and above. In 2013, China enacted the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan; from 2014 to 2016, about 16 million heavily-polluting vehicles and old vehicles that couldn’t meet the environmental protection standards were eliminated; all coal-fired generators have realized desulfurization and denitrification; ultra-low emissions have been encouraged, and by March 2017, coal-fired generators of about 500 million kw had been improved to achieve ultra-low emissions; the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution has been enacted, and a comprehensive survey of soil pollution has been launched; the Rules on Environmental Management of the Soil of Contaminated Sites (Trial) have been promulgated. A fund for soil pollution prevention and control has been set up, and from 2016 to 2017, RMB15 billion was earmarked by the government for this purpose. A national soil environment network has been primarily established, with 22,000 basic monitoring spots and about 15,000 risk-monitoring stations; the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution has been promoted and completely implemented; the comprehensive management of the environment surrounding the river valleys has been enhanced; the environmental protection of the Yangtze River Economic Belt has been pursued, and the investigation of black and odorous water bodies in urban areas has been carried out; in 2016, according to the state-controlled monitoring bodies of surface water, the proportion of such spots of Grades I-III reached 67.8 percent, while that of inferior water bodies of Grade V dropped to 8.6 percent.
城乡环境卫生综合整治成效明显。开展卫生城镇创建活动，显著提升城乡人居环境质量。根据2012年调查显示，卫生城镇创建后与创建前相比，规范集贸市场比例由35.2%提高到60.6%，居民对市容环境的满意率由30%提高到98%，对创卫效果的满意率达到98%。截至2015年底，全国城市污水处理率提高到92%，城市建成区生活垃圾无害化处理率达到94.1%。实施7.8万个村庄的环境综合整治，1.4亿多农村人口直接受益。6.1万家规模化养殖场（小区）建成废弃物处理和资源化利用设施。截至2016年底，全国农村生活垃圾处理率在60%左右，处理污水的行政村比例达到22%。农村卫生厕所普及率从2012年的71.7%提高到2016年的80.4%，东部一些省份达90%以上。
Progress in comprehensive management of environmental hygiene in urban and rural areas. The China Healthy Cities and Towns Initiative is being pursued to largely improve living conditions in urban and rural areas. According to a survey in 2012, since the initiative was introduced, the proportion of standardized fairs and markets had risen to 60.6 percent from 35.2 percent, and the percent of residents who are satisfied with urban amenities and the environment increased from 30 percent to 98 percent, with 98 percent of them satisfied with the effect of the initiative. By the end of 2015, the sewage treatment rate in urban areas had increased to 92 percent while the pollution-free treatment rate of household garbage in urban built-up areas had reached 94.1 percent. Comprehensive environmental improvement had been carried out in 78,000 villages, benefiting over 140 million people in rural areas; waste treatment and resource utilization facilities had been installed in 61,000 large-scale livestock and poultry farms. By the end of 2016, the treatment rate of household garbage in rural areas was around 60 percent, and the proportion of administrative villages with sewage treatment had reached 22 percent. In 2016, 80.4 percent of rural households use toilets while the rate was 71.7 percent in 2012; in some provinces, in the more developed eastern areas, the figure was 90 percent or higher.
农村饮用水安全问题基本解决。2006年至2010年，农村饮水安全工程建设总投资1053亿元，解决了19万个行政村、2.12亿农村人口的饮水安全问题。2011年至2015年，国家共安排农村饮水安全建设工程资金1215亿元，地方配套资金600多亿元。截至2016年底，全国农村饮水安全卫生监测乡镇覆盖率达85%以上，农村集中式供水覆盖人口比例提高到82%。国家针对个别地区的特殊困难安排专项资金，提高补助标准，安排4.95亿元资金解决西藏自治区1400多座寺庙、3.23万僧尼和6万多临时供水人口的饮水安全问题。
Drinking water safety issues in rural areas basically solved. From 2006 to 2010, the investment in safe drinking water projects in rural areas reached RMB105.3 billion, providing safe drinking water to 212 million rural residents in 190,000 administrative villages. From 2011 to 2015, RMB121.5 billion from the central government and over RMB60 billion from local governments were appropriated for safe drinking water projects in rural areas. By the end of 2016, the safe drinking water monitoring covered over 85 percent of rural villages, and up to 82 percent of rural residents enjoy centralized water supply. The state has allocated funds to areas with particular difficulties, and raised the subsidy standards, such as by appropriating RMB495 million to provide safe drinking water to over 1,400 monasteries, 32,300 monks and nuns and 60,000 other residents with temporary needs in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
职业健康管理不断加强。2011年，国家修订《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》，大力开展重点领域尘毒危害专项治理，对粉尘危害严重的石英砂加工、石棉开采及制品制造、金矿开采、水泥制造、石材加工、陶瓷生产和耐火材料制造等行业领域组织开展集中整治，督促企业加大投入力度，改进生产工艺，完善防护设施，加强个体防护。工作场所作业环境和条件得到初步改善。截至2016年底，国家依法处罚了一批拒不治理或治理不力的企业，共责令停产整顿1524家，提请关闭1576家，取缔非法企业426家。加大对用人单位职业卫生监督检查力度。2013年至2016年，全国各地区监督检查企业数量从22.9万家增加到39.5万家，增长72.5%。
Enhancing occupational health management. In 2011, China revised the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases. Campaigns were launched to control and reduce the hazards associated with fine dust and toxic stuff during production processes in particular sectors, such as quartz sand processing, asbestos mining and asbestos-product manufacturing, gold mining, cement manufacturing, stone-material processing, ceramics and refractory-material production. Corporations are urged to increase investment to improve production processes and protection measures for employees. Operational environment and conditions at workplaces have been primarily improved. By the end of 2016, the government, in accordance with the law, had punished the corporations that refused or failed to improve their occupational health management, demanding 1,524 corporations to suspend production for rectification, shutting down 1,576 corporations in response to public demand, and eliminating 426 illegal enterprises. The government has intensified supervision and inspection on occupational health management of employers. From 2013 to 2016, the number of corporations nationwide that had been brought under government supervision and inspection increased from 229,000 to 395,000, up by 72.5 percent.
食品安全监管更加严格。2015年，国家修订《中华人民共和国食品安全法》。2016年，各级监管机构在食品生产环节共检查食品生产企业52.1万家次，检查食品添加剂生产企业1.5万家次。检查食品加工小作坊7.2万家次。各级监管机构在食品经营环节共检查销售环节经营主体1209.3万家次。检查餐饮服务环节经营主体886.9万家次。2016年，在全国范围内组织抽检了25.7万批次食品样品，总体抽检合格率为96.8%。妥善处置冒牌婴幼儿配方乳粉等多起食品安全突发事件。
Tougher control of food safety. In 2015, China revised the Food Safety Law. In 2016, regulatory agencies at all levels conducted inspections of the food production process of 521,000 food producers, 15,000 food additive producers, and 72,000 food processing workshops. As for the selling of food products, regulatory agencies at all levels conducted inspections of 12.093 million businesses, and 8.869 million catering services. In 2016, competent authorities conducted random inspections on 257,000 food samples, of which 96.8 percent met the required standards, and properly settled several food safety incidents, including one involving the sale of counterfeit infant formulas.
