六、特定群体的健康水平显著进步
VI. Significant Improvement in the Health of Special Groups文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
中国高度重视保障妇女、儿童、老年人和残疾人等特定群体的健康权，不断完善卫生与健康规划，提供多元化和有针对性的健康服务，非歧视地均等满足各类群体的特殊需求。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
The Chinese government attaches great importance to the protection of the right to health of special groups such as women, children, the elderly and the disabled. It constantly improves health programs, and provides diversified and targeted health services to meet the special needs of various groups in a non-discriminatory and equal manner.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
妇幼保健服务体系不断健全。建立遍布城乡的三级妇幼卫生服务网络。2016年，国家投资29亿元支持247所市、县级妇幼保健机构建设。截至2016年底，全国共有妇幼保健机构3063个，妇产医院757个，儿童医院117个，妇产科和儿科执业（助理）医师37万人。在3.4万个社区卫生服务中心（站）、3.7万个乡镇卫生院、64万个村卫生室中均配有专兼职妇幼保健工作人员。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
The maternal and child healthcare service system has been continuously improved. A three-level network of maternal and child healthcare service has been put in place in urban and rural areas. In 2016, the Chinese government invested RMB2.9 billion to support the construction of 247 city- and county-level maternal and child healthcare institutions. By the end of 2016, there were 3,063 such institutions, 757 maternity hospitals, 117 children’s hospitals, and 370,000 gynecologists, obstetricians and pediatricians, and assistants. Full-time and part-time maternal and child healthcare workers were available in 34,000 community health centers (stations), 37,000 town and township health centers and 640,000 village clinics.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/3765.html
妇女孕产期保健服务水平切实提升。2009年起，国家逐年扩大农村妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌检查项目的覆盖面，受益人群不断增加。2009年至2016年，国家免费为1299个项目县的6000余万35岁至64岁农村妇女进行了宫颈癌检查，并专项投入资金226亿元，补助农村孕产妇7400余万人。农村孕产妇住院分娩率从2008年的92.3%提高到2016年的99.6%，农村孕产妇死亡率和婴儿死亡率大幅下降。国家安排补助资金，支持免费孕前优生健康检查项目，农村孕产妇住院分娩补助项目，增补叶酸预防神经管缺陷项目，预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播项目等11项服务项目。《中国妇女发展纲要（2011－2020年）》目标不断实现。
Antenatal and perinatal care services have been upgraded. Since 2009, the Chinese government has been expanding year by year the coverage of cervical cancer and breast cancer screening programs in rural areas, and the number of beneficiaries has grown. Between 2009 and 2016, the government carried out free cervical cancer screening for more than 60 million rural women aged 35-64 in 1,299 project counties, and subsidized more than 74 million rural pregnant and lying-in women with a special investment of RMB22.6 billion. The rate of hospital deliveries for rural women increased from 92.3 percent in 2008 to 99.6 percent in 2016, and rates of maternal and infant mortality in rural areas decreased sharply. The government arranged subsidies for 11 programs, including free pre-pregnancy examinations for healthy childbirth, hospital deliveries for rural women, supplementary taking of folic acid by rural women to prevent neural tube defects, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B. The targets of the Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020) have been met one by one.
儿童健康水平显著提高。2013年，全国0－6个月婴儿纯母乳喂养率上升到58.5%，母乳喂养率不断提高。2016年，婴儿死亡率和5岁以下儿童死亡率分别为7.5‰和10.2‰，均提前实现联合国可持续发展目标和《中国儿童发展纲要（2011－2020年）》目标，与发达国家差距进一步缩小。2016年，5岁以下儿童低体重率、生长迟缓率、贫血患病率分别下降到1.49%、1.15%、4.79%，均提前实现《中国儿童发展纲要（2011－2020年）》目标。截至2016年底，全国创建30家国家级儿童早期发展示范基地。开展贫困地区儿童营养改善项目，为国家连片特殊困难地区的6－24月龄儿童每天提供1包富含蛋白质、维生素和矿物质的辅食营养补给品。2016年第五次中国儿童体格发育调查结果显示，最近40年，全国7岁以下儿童体格发育水平快速增长，已超过世界卫生组织颁布的儿童生长发育标准。
Children’s health has improved remarkably. In 2013, the pure breastfeeding rate of babies aged 0-6 months increased to 58.5 percent nationwide. The breastfeeding rate keeps growing. In 2016, infant mortality was 7.5 per thousand and that of children under five was 10.2 per thousand, both meeting the targets set in the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Program for the Development of Chinese Children (2011-2020) ahead of schedule. This shows that the gap between China and developed countries is rapidly narrowing. In 2016, for children under five, the underweight and growth retardation rates, and anemia prevalence decreased to 1.49 percent, 1.15 percent and 4.79 percent, respectively – all meeting the targets set in the Program for the Development of Chinese Children (2011-2020) ahead of schedule. By the end of 2016, 30 state-level demonstration bases for children’s early development had been set up. The government has implemented a program of nutrition improvement for children in poverty-stricken areas, providing one pack of nutritional dietary supplements containing protein, vitamins and minerals every day for every baby aged 6-24 months in impoverished areas. According to the fifth survey of Chinese children’s physical development in 2016, in the past 40 years the physical development of children under seven improved rapidly, even higher than the child growth standards published by the WHO.
儿童疾病防治成果得到巩固。2016年，艾滋病母婴传播率下降到5.7%，新生儿破伤风发病率保持在1‰以下。儿童免疫规划疫苗接种率均保持在99%以上，继续保持无脊髓灰质炎状态，儿童肺结核报告发病率保持在较低水平。2016年，遗传代谢性疾病（苯丙酮尿症和先天性甲状腺功能减低症）筛查率达到96%，贫困地区新生儿疾病筛查项目实施范围已覆盖全国21个省（区、市）的354个县（市、区）。实施免费孕前优生健康检查、贫困地区新生儿疾病筛查、地中海贫血防控试点等重大公共卫生服务项目。
Children’s disease control has been consolidated. In 2016, the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV decreased to 5.7 percent, and the incidence of neonatal tetanus was less than 1 per thousand. Children’s vaccination rate under the national childhood vaccine program was more than 99 percent. The country remains polio-free, and has a low reported incidence of tuberculosis in children. In 2016, the screening rate of inherited metabolic diseases (phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism) reached 96 percent, and the neonatal disease screening program for poor areas covered 354 counties (cities or districts) in 21 provinces (autonomous regions and centrally administered municipalities). The Chinese government has been carrying out major public healthcare service programs such as free pre-pregnancy examination for healthy childbirth, screening of neonatal diseases in poor areas, and pilot prevention and control of thalassemia.
老年人健康服务体系日趋完善。截至2015年底，全国建有康复医院453所、护理院168所、护理站65所，比2010年分别增加了69.0%、242.9%、16.1%；全国康复医院、护理院、护理站从业卫生人员分别为36441人、11180人、316人，比2010年分别增加了96.5%、286.7%、69.9%。2015年，国家为65岁及以上老年人体检达1.18亿人次，健康管理率达82%。老年人心理健康得到充分关注，国家和社会通过各种形式向老年人宣传心理健康知识、提供心理辅导，丰富老年人精神文化生活。
The healthcare service system for the elderly has improved. By the end of 2015, there were 453 rehabilitation hospitals, 168 nursing homes and 65 nursing stations around China, up by 69.0 percent, 242.9 percent and 16.1 percent, respectively from 2010. The number of health personnel working in the above three kinds of institutions was 36,441, 11,180 and 316, respectively, up by 96.5 percent, 286.7 percent and 69.9 percent from 2010. In 2015, the government offered 118 million medical examinations to senior citizens aged 65 or above, a health management rate of 82 percent. The mental health of the elderly has also attracted full attention. Governmental and social organizations publicize related knowledge and provide mental health counseling to the elderly, while working to enrich their cultural life.
医养结合服务模式深入推进。2016年在全国遴选确定90个市（区）为国家级医养结合试点单位。全国医养结合机构共有5814家，床位总数达121.38万张。其中，养老机构设立医疗机构3623家，医疗机构设立养老机构1687家，医养同时设立504家，有2224家纳入了医保定点范围。积极开展养老院服务质量建设专项行动，质量控制体系更加健全，医养结合机构的服务质量显著提升。
The combined medical and elderly care services have been promoted. In 2016, 90 cities (districts) were selected as state-level pilot units to provide combined medical and elderly care services. Across China, there were 5,814 institutions providing both services, with a total of 1.2138 million beds. Of these, 3,623 were nursing institutions for the elderly that have established medical facilities, 1,687 were medical institutions that have added care services for the aged, and 504 were institutions offering both services. In total, 2,224 were among designated medical insurance institutions. Special steps have been taken to improve services at these nursing institutions for the elderly; as a result, we have seen a sounder quality control system and better services at these institutions combining medical service and ordinary care service.
残疾预防与残疾人康复服务持续加强。2016年和2017年，国家分别颁布《国家残疾预防行动计划（2016－2020年）》和《残疾预防和残疾人康复条例》，残疾预防与残疾人康复工作纳入法治化发展轨道。2012年至2016年，全国共有1526万残疾人得到基本康复服务。截至2016年底，全国共有残疾人康复机构7858个，在岗人员22.3万人，947个市辖区和2015个县（市）开展社区康复工作，配备45.4万名社区康复协调员。自2017年起，国家将每年8月25日定为“残疾预防日”。
Disability prevention and rehabilitation services for persons with disabilities have improved. In 2016, the Chinese government published the National Action Plan on Disability Prevention (2016-2020), and in 2017, the Regulations on Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, bringing the work onto the track of the rule of law. From 2012 to 2016, 15.26 million people with disabilities received basic rehabilitation services nationwide. By the end of 2016, there were 7,858 rehabilitation institutions for the disabled around China, with 223,000 employees; and 947 municipal districts and 2,015 counties (cities) provided community-based rehabilitation services, with 454,000 coordinators. August 25 is China’s Disability Prevention Day, as set in 2017.
残疾人康复体育的覆盖面逐步扩大。推进“十三五”残疾人体育基本公共服务。实施“由西向东”“自北向南”“先薄弱后发达”的地区引导政策，资助西部6省（区、市）康复体育进家庭项目8000户，撬动全国服务88884户，补贴新建社区健身示范点50个，撬动全国新建1842个。全国经常参加体育健身活动的残疾人比例提升至9.6%。
Rehabilitation sports for the disabled have been expanded to more areas. The Chinese government has been working to improve basic sports facilities for the disabled since the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020). It has implemented a region-based guidance policy by advancing from west to east, from north to south and from the underdeveloped to the more-developed areas. Under this policy framework, the government has funded six western provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) in introducing rehabilitation sports into 8,000 households, from which a national campaign started, offering services to 88,884 households. It also subsidized 50 communities in installing fitness facilities as demonstration sites, and subsequently 1,842 new ones were set up nationwide. Now people with disabilities who regularly participate in sports and fitness activities make up 9.6 percent of the national total, a percentage higher than before.
残疾孤儿得到特别关爱。2015年以来，国家将城乡低保对象、特困供养对象中具有手术适应症的病残儿童，以及社会散居孤残儿童纳入“明天计划”资助范围，参照福利机构内孤残儿童的救治政策和做法，实施医疗康复，数以万计的“明天计划”术后康复儿童融入了社会。福利机构内凡具备手术适应症的新增患儿都能在最佳治疗时机得到手术救治。截至2016年底，国家已投入资金8.6亿元，为9万多名残疾孤儿实施了手术矫治和康复训练。
Orphans with disabilities receive special care. Since 2015, the Chinese government has included sick and disabled children among urban and rural residents entitled to basic living allowances and people living in dire poverty and entitled to relief and support, and orphaned and disabled children who remain unsettled, in the Tomorrow Plan for Rehabilitation of Handicapped Orphans. In addition, it offers medical rehabilitation to these children with reference to treatment policies and practices of welfare institutions. Thanks to the Tomorrow Plan, tens of thousands of children have had operations and been integrated into society after recovery. At welfare institutions, all children with surgical indications who are new to these institutions are able to get surgery at the optimal opportunity for treatment. By the end of 2016, the country had invested RMB860 million in offering corrective operations and rehabilitation training to more than 90,000 orphans with disabilities.
