四、中国参与北极事务的主要政策主张
IV. China’s Policies and Positions on Participating in Arctic Affairs文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/4411.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/4411.html
中国参与北极事务坚持科研先导，强调保护环境、主张合理利用、倡导依法治理和国际合作，并致力于维护和平、安全、稳定的北极秩序。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/4411.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/4411.html
When participating in Arctic affairs, China prioritizes scientific research, underscores the importance of environmental protection, rational utilization, law-based governance and international cooperation, and commits itself to maintaining a peaceful, secure and stable Arctic order.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/4411.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/4411.html
（一）不断深化对北极的探索和认知文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/4411.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/4411.html
- Deepening the exploration and understanding of the Arctic
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/4411.html
北极具有重要的科研价值。探索和认知北极是中国北极活动的优先方向和重点领域。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/4411.html
The Arctic holds great value for scientific research. To explore and understand the Arctic serves as the priority and focus for China in its Arctic activities.
中国积极推动北极科学考察和研究。中国尊重北极国家对其国家管辖范围内北极科考活动的专属管辖权，主张通过合作依法在北极国家管辖区域内开展北极科考活动，坚持各国在北冰洋公海享有科研自由。中国积极开展北极地质、地理、冰雪、水文、气象、海冰、生物、生态、地球物理、海洋化学等领域的多学科科学考察；积极参与北极气候与环境变化的监测和评估，通过建立北极多要素协同观测体系，合作建设科学考察或观测站、建设和参与北极观测网络，对大气、海洋、海冰、冰川、土壤、生物生态、环境质量等要素进行多层次和多领域的连续观测。中国致力于提高北极科学考察和研究的能力建设，加强北极科考站点和科考船只等保障平台的建设与维护并提升其功能，推进极地科学考察破冰船的建造工作等。
China actively promotes scientific expedition and research in the Arctic. China respects the Arctic States’ exclusive jurisdiction over research activities under their national jurisdiction, maintains that scientific research in areas under the jurisdiction of Arctic States should be carried out through cooperation in accordance with the law, and stresses that all States have the freedom of scientific research on the high seas of the Arctic Ocean. China is actively involved in multi-disciplinary research including Arctic geology, geography, ice and snow, hydrology, meteorology, sea ice, biology, ecology, geophysics and marine chemistry. It actively participates in monitoring and assessing local climatic and environmental changes, and carries out multi-level and multi-domain continuous observation of atmosphere, sea, sea ice, glaciers, soil, bio-ecological character and environmental quality through the establishment of multi-element Arctic observation system, construction of cooperative research (observation) stations, and development of and participation in the Arctic observation network. China is committed to improving its capacity in Arctic expedition and research, strengthening the construction, maintenance and functions of research stations, vessels and other supporting platforms in the Arctic, and promoting the building of icebreakers for scientific purposes.
中国支持和鼓励北极科研活动，不断加大北极科研投入的力度，支持构建现代化的北极科研平台，努力提高北极科研能力和水平。大力开展北极自然科学研究，加强北极气候变化和生态环境研究，进一步推动物理、化学、生命、地球等基础学科的发展。不断加强北极社会科学研究，包括北极政治、经济、法律、社会、历史、文化以及北极活动管理等方面，促进北极自然科学和社会科学研究的协同创新。加强北极人才培养和科普教育，支持高校和科研机构培养北极自然和社会科学领域的专业人才，建立北极科普教育基地，出版北极相关文化产品，提高公民的北极意识。积极推进北极科研国际合作，推动建立开放包容的国际北极环境监测网络，支持通过国际北极科学委员会等平台开展务实合作，鼓励中国科学家开展北极国际学术交流与合作，推动中国高校和科研机构加盟“北极大学”协作网络。
China supports and encourages research activities in the Arctic by constantly increasing investment in scientific research, building modernized research platforms, and improving the capacity in, and level of, research on the Arctic. It is making a greater effort to advance research in the fields of natural science, climate change and ecological environment, accelerate the development of basic subjects such as physics, chemistry, life science and earth science, strengthen social science research including Arctic politics, economy, law, society, history, culture and management of Arctic activities, and promote innovation in both natural and social sciences. It is also working to strengthen personnel training and public awareness of the Arctic, support higher learning and research institutions to train professionals specialized in natural and social sciences on the Arctic, build science popularization and education centers, and publish cultural products on the Arctic to improve public knowledge. It actively promotes international cooperation on Arctic research, pushes for an open and inclusive international monitoring network of the Arctic environment, supports pragmatic cooperation through platforms such as the International Arctic Science Committee, encourages Chinese scientists to carry out international academic exchanges and cooperation on the Arctic, and encourages Chinese higher learning and research institutions to join the network of the University of the Arctic.
技术装备是认知、利用和保护北极的基础。中国鼓励发展注重生态环境保护的极地技术装备，积极参与北极开发的基础设施建设，推动深海远洋考察、冰区勘探、大气和生物观测等领域的装备升级，促进在北极海域石油与天然气钻采、可再生能源开发、冰区航行和监测以及新型冰级船舶建造等方面的技术创新。
The availability of technical equipment is essential to understanding, utilizing and protecting the Arctic. China encourages the development of environment-friendly polar technical equipment, actively participates in the building of infrastructure for Arctic development, pushes for the upgrade of equipment in the fields of deep sea exploration, ice zone prospecting, and atmosphere and biology observation, and promotes technology innovation in Arctic oil and gas drilling and exploitation, renewable energy development, navigation and monitoring in ice zones, and construction of new-type icebreakers.
（二）保护北极生态环境和应对气候变化
- Protecting the eco-environment of the Arctic and addressing climate change
中国坚持依据国际法保护北极自然环境，保护北极生态系统，养护北极生物资源，积极参与应对北极环境和气候变化的挑战。
China follows international law in the protection of the natural environment and ecosystem of the Arctic and conservation of its biological resources, and takes an active part in addressing the challenges of environmental and climate change in the Arctic.
1．保护环境
(1) Protecting the Environment
中国始终把解决全球性环境问题放在首要地位，认真履行有关国际条约的义务，承担环境保护责任。中国积极参加北极环境治理，加强北极活动的环境影响研究和环境背景调查，尊重北极国家的相关环保法规，强化环境管理并推动环境合作。
China always gives top priority to resolving global environmental issues, earnestly fulfills its obligations under relevant treaties, and discharges its responsibility of environmental protection. China is actively engaged in improving the Arctic environment by enhancing the environmental background investigation of Arctic activities and the assessment of their environmental impact. It respects the environmental protection laws and regulations of the Arctic States and calls for stronger environmental management and cooperation.
海洋环境是北极环境保护的重点领域。中国支持北冰洋沿岸国依照国际条约减少北极海域陆源污染物的努力，致力于提高公民和企业的环境责任意识，与各国一道加强对船舶排放、海洋倾废、大气污染等各类海洋环境污染源的管控，切实保护北极海洋环境。
The marine environment is a key area for Arctic environmental protection. China supports the Arctic coastal States in their efforts to reduce pollutants in the Arctic waters from land-based sources, in accordance with the relevant treaties, and commits itself to raising the environmental responsibility awareness of its citizens and enterprises. In order to effectively protect the marine environment of the Arctic, China works with other States to enhance control of the sources of marine pollution such as ship discharge, offshore dumping, and air pollution.
2．保护生态
(2) Protecting the Eco-system
北极是全球多种濒危野生动植物的重要分布区域。中国重视北极可持续发展和生物多样性保护，开展全球变化与人类活动对北极生态系统影响的科学评估，加强对北极候鸟及其栖息地的保护，开展北极候鸟迁徙规律研究，提升北极生态系统的适应能力和自我恢复能力，推进在北极物种保护方面的国际合作。
The Arctic is home to several endangered species of wild fauna and flora from around the globe. China attaches importance to the sustainable development and biodiversity protection of the Arctic. It conducts scientific evaluation of the impact on the Arctic ecological system caused by global climate change and human activities, strengthens protection of migratory birds and their habitats, organizes research on the migration patterns of Arctic migratory birds, improves the adaptability and resilience of the Arctic ecological system, and advances international cooperation in the protection of Arctic species of fauna and flora.
3．应对气候变化
(3) Addressing climate change
应对北极气候变化是全球气候治理的重要环节。中国一贯高度重视气候变化问题，已将落实“国家自主贡献”等应对气候变化的措施列入国家整体发展议程和规划，为《巴黎协定》的缔结发挥了重要作用。中国的减排措施对北极的气候生态环境具有积极影响。中国致力于研究北极物质能量交换过程及其机理，评估北极与全球气候变化的相互作用，预测未来气候变化对北极自然资源和生态环境的潜在风险，推动北极冰冻圈科学的发展。加强应对气候变化的宣传、教育，提高公众对气候变化问题的认知水平，促进应对北极气候变化的国际合作。
Addressing climate change in the Arctic is an important part of global climate governance. China consistently takes the issue of climate change seriously. It has included measures to deal with climate change such as Nationally Determined Contributions in its overall national development agenda and planning, and has made significant contributions to the conclusion of the Paris Agreement. China’s emission reduction measures have a positive impact on the climatic and ecological environment of the Arctic. China is committed to studying the substance and energy exchange process and mechanisms of the Arctic, evaluating the interaction between the Arctic and global climate change, predicting potential risks posed by future climate change to the Arctic’s natural resources and ecological environment, and advancing Arctic cryospheric sciences. It strengthens publicity and education on addressing climate change to raise the public’s awareness of the issue, and promotes international cooperation in addressing climate change in the Arctic.
（三）依法合理利用北极资源
- Utilizing Arctic Resources in a Lawful and Rational Manner
北极资源丰富，但生态环境脆弱。中国倡导保护和合理利用北极，鼓励企业利用自身的资金、技术和国内市场优势，通过国际合作开发利用北极资源。中国一贯主张，开发利用北极的活动应遵循《联合国海洋法公约》《斯匹次卑尔根群岛条约》等国际条约和一般国际法，尊重北极国家的相关法律，并在保护北极生态环境、尊重北极土著人的利益和关切的前提下，以可持续的方式进行。
The Arctic has abundant resources, but a fragile ecosystem. China advocates protection and rational use of the region and encourages its enterprises to engage in international cooperation on the exploration for and utilization of Arctic resources by making the best use of their advantages in capital, technology and domestic market. China maintains that all activities to explore and utilize the Arctic should abide by treaties such as the UNCLOS and the Spitsbergen Treaty as well as general international law, respect the laws of the Arctic States, and proceed in a sustainable way on the condition of properly protecting the eco-environment of the Arctic and respecting the interests and concerns of the indigenous peoples in the region.
1．参与北极航道开发利用
(1) China’s participation in the development of Arctic shipping routes
北极航道包括东北航道、西北航道和中央航道。全球变暖使北极航道有望成为国际贸易的重要运输干线。中国尊重北极国家依法对其国家管辖范围内海域行使立法权、执法权和司法权，主张根据《联合国海洋法公约》等国际条约和一般国际法管理北极航道，保障各国依法享有的航行自由以及利用北极航道的权利。中国主张有关国家应依据国际法妥善解决北极航道有关争议。
The Arctic shipping routes comprise the Northeast Passage, Northwest Passage, and the Central Passage. As a result of global warming, the Arctic shipping routes are likely to become important transport routes for international trade. China respects the legislative, enforcement and adjudicatory powers of the Arctic States in the waters subject to their jurisdiction. China maintains that the management of the Arctic shipping routes should be conducted in accordance with treaties including the UNCLOS and general international law and that the freedom of navigation enjoyed by all countries in accordance with the law and their rights to use the Arctic shipping routes should be ensured. China maintains that disputes over the Arctic shipping routes should be properly settled in accordance with international law.
中国愿依托北极航道的开发利用，与各方共建“冰上丝绸之路”。中国鼓励企业参与北极航道基础设施建设，依法开展商业试航，稳步推进北极航道的商业化利用和常态化运行。中国重视北极航道的航行安全，积极开展北极航道研究，不断加强航运水文调查，提高北极航行、安全和后勤保障能力。切实遵守《极地水域船舶航行安全规则》，支持国际海事组织在北极航运规则制定方面发挥积极作用。主张在北极航道基础设施建设和运营方面加强国际合作。
China hopes to work with all parties to build a “Polar Silk Road” through developing the Arctic shipping routes. It encourages its enterprises to participate in the infrastructure construction for these routes and conduct commercial trial voyages in accordance with the law to pave the way for their commercial and regularized operation. China attaches great importance to navigation security in the Arctic shipping routes. It has actively conducted studies on these routes and continuously strengthened hydrographic surveys with the aim to improving the navigation, security and logistical capacities in the Arctic. China abides by the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code), and supports the International Maritime Organization in playing an active role in formulating navigational rules for the Arctic. China calls for stronger international cooperation on infrastructure construction and operation of the Arctic routes.
2．参与油气和矿产等非生物资源的开发利用
(2) Participating in the exploration for and exploitation of oil, gas, mineral and other non-living resources
中国尊重北极国家根据国际法对其国家管辖范围内油气和矿产资源享有的主权权利，尊重北极地区居民的利益和关切，要求企业遵守相关国家的法律并开展资源开发风险评估，支持企业通过各种合作形式，在保护北极生态环境的前提下参与北极油气和矿产资源开发。
China respects the sovereign rights of Arctic States over oil, gas and mineral resources in the areas subject to their jurisdiction in accordance with international law, and respects the interests and concerns of residents in the region. It requires its enterprises to observe the laws of the relevant States and conduct risk assessments for resource exploration, and encourages them to participate in the exploitation of oil, gas and mineral resources in the Arctic, through cooperation in various forms and on the condition of properly protecting the eco-environment of the Arctic.
北极富含地热、风能等清洁能源。中国致力于加强与北极国家的清洁能源合作，推动与北极国家在清洁能源开发的技术、人才和经验方面开展交流，探索清洁能源的供应和替代利用，实现低碳发展。
The Arctic region boasts an abundance of geothermal, wind, and other clean energy resources. China will work with the Arctic States to strengthen clean energy cooperation, increase exchanges in respect of technology, personnel and experience in this field, explore the supply of clean energy and energy substitution, and pursue low-carbon development.
