二、各民族语言文字广泛使用
II. The Spoken and Written Languages of Ethnic Groups Are Widely Used文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6106.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6106.html
语言文字是文化的重要载体和鲜明标志。新疆是多语言、多文字地区，学习使用国家通用语言文字，是繁荣发展新疆各民族文化的历史经验。中国政府大力推广和规范使用国家通用语言文字，依法保障各民族使用和发展本民族语言文字的自由，提倡和鼓励各民族相互学习语言文字，不断促进各民族语言相通、心灵相通。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6106.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6106.html
Language, in both spoken and written forms, is an important carrier and a distinct symbol of culture. Xinjiang is a multilingual region, and historical experience shows that learning and using the commonly used standard Chinese as a spoken and written language has helped develop Xinjiang’s ethnic cultures. The Chinese government works hard to promote the use of the standard Chinese language, protects by law ethnic people’s freedom to use and develop their own languages, and advocates and encourages ethnic groups to learn spoken and written languages from each other, so as to promote language communication and ethnic unity among all Chinese people.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6106.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6106.html
依法推广国家通用语言文字。学习和使用国家通用语言文字，有利于促进各民族交往交流交融，推动各民族发展进步。1982年，“国家推广全国通用的普通话”写入《中华人民共和国宪法》。2001年1月1日《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》正式施行，进一步明确了普通话和规范汉字作为国家通用语言文字的法定地位。2015年修订的《中华人民共和国教育法》规定“国家通用语言文字为学校及其他教育机构的基本教育教学语言文字”“民族自治地方以少数民族学生为主的学校及其他教育机构，从实际出发，使用国家通用语言文字和本民族或者当地民族通用的语言文字实施双语教育”。2015年修订的《新疆维吾尔自治区语言文字工作条例》规定“大力推广国家通用语言文字”。各民族成员为适应经济社会发展及交往日渐频繁的需要，积极主动学习和使用国家通用语言文字。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6106.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6106.html
Promote standard Chinese by law. Learning and using standard Chinese helps different ethnic groups to communicate, develop and progress. When the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China was revised in 1982, the sentence “The state promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua (common speech based on Beijing pronunciation)” was added. On January 1, 2001, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language took effect, clarifying the legitimate status of Putonghua and standardized Chinese characters as the standard Chinese language. The Educational Law of the People’s Republic of China (Revised in 2015) provides: “The standard spoken and written Chinese language shall be the basic language used by schools and other educational institutions in education and teaching….Schools and other educational institutions dominated by ethnic minority students in ethnic autonomous areas shall, according to the actual circumstances, use the standard spoken and written Chinese language and the spoken and written languages of their respective ethnicities or the spoken and written language commonly used by the local ethnicities to implement bilingual education.” Regulations on the Work Concerning Spoken and Written Languages of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, revised in 2015, state the need to “promote the standard spoken and written Chinese language”. Ethnic people are enthusiastic about learning and using standard Chinese to adapt to economic and social development and increased communication.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6106.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/6106.html
加强国家通用语言文字教育教学工作。响应国家号召，上世纪50年代开始，新疆在中小学对少数民族学生开设汉语文课程。1984年，新疆提出在少数民族学校加强汉语教学工作，实现“民汉兼通”的目标。目前，新疆在学前和中小学全面普及国家通用语言文字教学、加授本民族语言文字的双语教育，确保到2020年少数民族学生基本掌握和使用国家通用语言文字。
We should strengthen education and teaching of standard Chinese. In the 1950s, in response to the call of the state, Xinjiang began Chinese courses for ethnic minority students at elementary and secondary schools. In 1984, Xinjiang proposed to strengthen Chinese teaching at ethnic minority schools to achieve the goal that students “master both standard Chinese and their own ethnic languages”. Currently, students at preschool institutions and elementary and secondary schools in Xinjiang have universal access to bilingual education, including teaching of standard Chinese and ethnic minority languages, ensuring that by 2020, all ethnic minority students will be able to master and use standard Chinese.
以多种形式开展国家通用语言文字培训工作。2013年启动“国家通用语言培训项目”，在少数民族人口集中的县（市）面向参加职业培训或创业培训的少数民族青年开展国家通用语言文字专项培训。2017年启动实施国家通用语言文字普及攻坚工程。
We should carry out various forms of training on the standard spoken and written Chinese language. In 2013, the “training program on the standard spoken and written Chinese language” was launched, a special program for ethnic minority youths participating in vocational or business training in counties or cities where people of ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities. In 2017, a program aimed to popularize standard Chinese by the year 2020 was launched.
科学保护各民族语言文字。《中华人民共和国宪法》和《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》均明确规定，各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由。目前，新疆各民族主要使用10种语言和文字，少数民族语言文字在司法、行政、教育、新闻出版、广播电视、互联网、社会公共事务等领域得到广泛使用。全国人民代表大会、中国人民政治协商会议召开的重要会议，提供维吾尔、哈萨克、蒙古等少数民族语言文字的文稿和同声传译。新疆本级和各自治州、自治县机关执行公务时，同时使用国家通用语言文字、实行区域自治的民族的语言文字。各民族成员有权使用本民族语言文字进行选举或诉讼。以少数民族学生为主的学校及其他教育机构，在课程设置和各类招生考试中均重视少数民族语言文字的学习和使用。每年一度的普通高等学校招生全国统一考试，新疆使用汉、维吾尔、哈萨克、柯尔克孜、蒙古5种文字试卷。
Protect spoken and written ethnic minority languages in a scientific way. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy both clearly prescribe that all ethnic groups have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. Currently, 10 spoken and written languages are used among the various ethnic groups of Xinjiang. Ethnic minority languages are extensively used in such areas as judicature, administration, education, press and publishing, radio and television, internet, and public affairs. At important meetings such as those of the National People’s Congress and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference documentation and simultaneous interpretation in Uygur, Kazak, Mongolian or other ethnic minority languages are provided. When performing official duties, Party and government organs of Xinjiang and lower-level autonomous prefectures and counties use at the same time standard Chinese and the languages of those ethnic minorities that exercise regional autonomy. All ethnic minorities have the right to use their own spoken and written languages in elections and judicial matters. Schools and other educational institutions where ethnic minority students are the majority highlight the study and use of ethnic minority languages in setting their curricula and in various entrance examinations. Xinjiang uses Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz and Mongolian languages for the annual national higher education entrance examination.
为保护中国丰富的语言资源，中国政府自2015年起组织实施中国语言资源保护工程，收集记录汉语方言、少数民族语言和口头语言文化的实态语料。该工程作为目前世界上规模最大的语言资源保护项目，已实现全国范围覆盖，其中在新疆开展包括30多个少数民族语言调查点、10个汉语方言调查点、6个濒危语言调查点和2个语言文化调查点的田野调查。截至目前，已完成新疆规划调查点超过80%的调查任务，并形成一批标志性成果。
In 2015, the Chinese government organized and launched a program to protect the rich language resources of China, collecting and recording physical forms of linguistic data such as Chinese dialects, spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities, and oral language cultures. The largest of its kind in the world, this program has covered the whole country. Field surveys have been conducted in Xinjiang, covering more than 30 survey locations of ethnic minority languages, 10 locations of Chinese dialects, six locations of endangered languages, and two locations of language cultures. To date, more than 80 percent of survey tasks in these locations have been completed, and some symbolic successes have been achieved.
多语言、多文种的新闻出版和广播电视是新疆的一大特色。新疆使用汉、维吾尔、哈萨克、柯尔克孜、蒙古、锡伯6种语言文字出版报纸、图书、音像制品和电子出版物。新疆电视台有汉、维吾尔、哈萨克、柯尔克孜4种语言电视节目，新疆人民广播电台有汉、维吾尔、哈萨克、柯尔克孜、蒙古5种语言广播节目，《新疆日报》用汉、维吾尔、哈萨克、蒙古4种文字出版。
Multilingual press and publication and radio and television are a major feature of Xinjiang. Xinjiang publishes newspapers, books, audio and video products, and e-publications in six spoken and written languages – Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Mongolian and Xibe. Xinjiang TV broadcasts in Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, and Kirgiz. Xinjiang People’s Broadcasting Station broadcasts in Chinese, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, and Mongolian. Xinjiang Daily is printed in Chinese, Uygur, Kazak and Mongolian.
为使各民族成员共享信息化时代的成果，中国政府制定了蒙古、藏、维吾尔、哈萨克、柯尔克孜等文字编码字符集、键盘、字模的国家标准，研究开发出多种少数民族文字排版系统、智能语音翻译系统，支持少数民族语言文字网站和新兴传播载体有序发展，不断提升少数民族语言文字信息化处理和社会应用能力。新疆设立民族语言文字工作委员会和各级民族语言文字研究机构，负责各民族语言文字的科学研究，推动各民族语言文字的规范化、标准化、信息化。
To enable ethnic minorities to share the achievements of the information age, the Chinese government has set national specifications of coded character set, keyboard, and type matrix for Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, and some other languages. It has studied and developed different typesetting systems and intelligent voice translation systems for several written ethnic minority languages. The government supports the orderly development of websites and emerging media in spoken and written ethnic minority languages, and works to improve information processing and application capabilities in ethnic minority languages. Xinjiang has set up the Ethnic Language Work Committee and ethnic minority language research institutes at different levels, which are responsible for scientific research into ethnic minority languages, and which work to make them more standardized and apply them in IT.
鼓励各民族互相学习语言文字。中国政府鼓励民族自治地方各民族互相学习语言文字，既要求少数民族学习国家通用语言文字，也鼓励少数民族地区的汉族居民学习少数民族语言文字，尤其重视基层公务员、新录用公职人员、公共服务行业从业人员的双语学习，并提供学习条件。新疆专门开办了汉族干部学习少数民族语言培训班。上世纪50年代以来，国家在新疆高校开设中国少数民族语言文学（维吾尔语言、哈萨克语言方向）专业，这些专业的学生毕业后大多从事行政、教育、少数民族语言文字研究工作。多年来，新疆各民族相互学习语言文字蔚然成风，掌握双语、多语的人员越来越多，推动了各民族交往交流交融。
Encourage ethnic groups to learn spoken and written languages from each other. The Chinese government encourages different ethnic groups in ethnic autonomous areas to learn languages from each other, urging ethnic minorities to learn standard Chinese while encouraging Han residents to learn ethnic minority languages. It emphasizes that grassroots civil servants, newly recruited civil servants, and employees in the public service sector should know two or more languages and provides facilities for their learning. Xinjiang conducts special training courses for Han officials to learn ethnic minority languages. Since the 1950s, the state has offered majors in ethnic minority languages and literature (Uygur and Kazak) at colleges and universities in Xinjiang; most graduates of these majors work in the fields of administration, education, and research on ethnic minority languages. For many years, it has been a common practice that different ethnic groups of Xinjiang learn languages from each other. More and more people are becoming bilingual or multilingual, which promotes communication and integration among all the ethnic groups.
