三、妇女在经济社会发展中的半边天作用日益彰显
III. Women’s Role in Economic and Social Development Becoming Increasingly Prominent文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
妇女是国家的重要建设者。中国制定实施劳动法、就业促进法、劳动合同法、农村土地承包法等法律法规，充分保障妇女的经济权益特别是平等就业权利，实行男女同工同酬，消除就业性别歧视。党的十八大以来，中国更加重视促进男女平等就业，推动妇女实现更高质量、更加充分就业，妇女参与经济社会建设的热情更加高涨，半边天作用更加凸显。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
Women are indispensable builders of the country. China has promulgated laws and regulations such as the labor law, the employment promotion law, the labor contract law and the law on contracting rural land to fully protect women’s economic rights and interests, especially the right to equal employment, ensuring equal pay to men and women for equal work and eliminating gender discrimination in employment. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China has attached more importance to gender equality in employment, offering better and more job opportunities for women. They have become more committed to the socio-economic construction and their role – just like the old saying “women hold up half the sky” – is increasingly prominent.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
妇女在脱贫攻坚中充分参与、广泛受益。中国高度重视妇女扶贫脱贫。《中国农村扶贫开发纲要（2011－2020年）》《中国妇女发展纲要（2011－2020年）》等都将缓解妇女贫困程度、减少贫困妇女数量作为优先事项，保障贫困妇女的资源供给，帮助、支持贫困妇女实施扶贫项目。党的十八大以来，中国在脱贫攻坚中更加重视妇女的参与和受益。2018年《中共中央 国务院关于打赢脱贫攻坚战三年行动的指导意见》提出，将贫困地区妇女宫颈癌、乳腺癌（简称“两癌”）检查项目扩大到所有贫困县。实施“贫困母亲‘两癌’救助”“母亲安居工程”“母亲健康快车”等公益慈善项目，帮助患病贫困妇女、贫困单亲母亲等改善生存发展状况。开展全国家政服务劳务对接扶贫行动、“百城万村”家政扶贫行动，帮助农村建档立卡贫困妇女实现就业。妇联组织大力实施“巾帼脱贫行动”，围绕立志脱贫、能力脱贫、创业脱贫、巧手脱贫、互助脱贫、健康脱贫、爱心助力脱贫七项重点任务，积极探索“连环扶贫”“小额信贷扶贫”“基地+贫困妇女”等扶贫模式，助推妇女精准脱贫。按照现行农村贫困标准，截至2018年底，全国农村贫困人口从2012年的9899万减少到1660万，贫困发生率从2012年的10.2%下降至1.7%，减少的贫困人口中约一半为女性。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
Women have fully engaged in and been broadly benefited from the fight against poverty. China has paid high attention to poverty reduction and eradication among women. The outline of development-oriented poverty alleviation for China’s rural areas and the outline of women’s development in China, both planned for 2011-2020, have given priority to alleviating women’s poverty level and reducing the poverty-stricken population, ensuring resource supply for women in poverty while assisting and supporting them in poverty-relief projects. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has highlighted women’s participation in and benefits from poverty reduction and eradication. In 2018, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council co-issued guidelines on a three-year poverty-relief plan, under which a cervical cancer and breast cancer screening program covers women in all poverty-stricken counties. The government has implemented a number of public welfare and charity programs for impoverished mothers, such as the program of relief for mothers suffering from breast cancer and cervical cancer, the subsidized housing project for impoverished rural single mothers, and the mother health express program, bringing help to sick women, poor single mothers and various other groups of mothers in need. The government carries out a series of poverty alleviation measures, encouraging city households to employ women in the registered poverty-stricken families for housekeeping services. The women’s federations also adopt a comprehensive action plan to assist impoverished women in starting businesses, developing skills, reducing healthcare costs and facilitating mutual aid. The federations endeavor to achieve targeted poverty relief through micro credit and development-oriented poverty reduction projects. By the current rural poverty standards in China, rural poverty population has decreased to 16.6 million by the end of 2018 from 98.99 million in 2012, while the poverty rate has fallen to 1.7% from 10.2% in 2012. Women accounted for 50% of those lifted out of poverty.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
保障平等土地权益调动农村妇女生产积极性。从土地改革、农村家庭联产承包到农村承包地确权登记颁证与农村土地“三权分置”，中国始终重视从法律制度上保障妇女土地权益。2014年起，开展农村承包地确权登记颁证，明确要求将农村妇女土地承包经营权记载到权属证书上，广大农村妇女实现了“证上有名、名下有权”。2018年修订的农村土地承包法明确规定，农户内家庭成员依法平等享有承包土地的各项权益，确保农村妇女平等享有土地承包经营权。2016年，中共中央、国务院印发《关于稳步推进农村集体产权制度改革的意见》，明确提出切实保护农村妇女的合法权益。2018年，民政部、中央组织部、全国妇联等七部门联合发布《关于做好村规民约和居民公约工作的指导意见》，要求纠正与法律政策规定、性别平等原则相冲突的村规民约。农村妇女的土地权益和经济利益得到有效保障，她们踊跃投入乡村振兴，积极为农业农村现代化建设做贡献。
Rural women’s enthusiasm to take part in production is boosted by guaranteeing their equal land rights. China has always guaranteed women’s rights by laws and legislations, which has been demonstrated in such practices as land reform, the household responsibility system, the verification, registration and certification of land contract and management rights and the separation of rights to ownership, contract, and management. Since 2014, it has been clearly ruled that women’s rights and interests in relation to land must be given expression to in the registration book and land right certificate. Now they have their names written in the certificates and obtained corresponding rights. In 2018, the revised law on contracting rural land stipulates that each household member has equal access to benefits from contracting land and women’s rights to contracting and operating land should be guaranteed. In 2016, the Guidelines on Reforming the Rural Collective Property Rights System issued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council clearly stated that rural women’s legitimate rights should be effectively protected. In 2018, seven departments including the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee, All-China Women’s Federation jointly issued guidelines, urging rural communities to correct any village regulations and folk conventions that are in conflict with statutory regulations and the principle of gender equality. Rural women’s land rights and economic interests have been effectively protected and they are working for rural revitalization and modernization.
加强劳动保护激励女职工岗位建功。中国高度重视从制度上保障女职工劳动保护各项权利。从1988年颁布《女职工劳动保护规定》到2012年《女职工劳动保护特别规定》出台，女职工劳动保护程度不断提高。越来越多的企业重视女职工劳动保护。2017年落实女职工劳动保护的企业占比71.2%，比2002年提高35.2个百分点。截至2017年9月，全国共签订女职工权益保护专项集体合同136.6万份，覆盖女职工近8000万人；建立女职工休息哺乳室的基层企事业工会近30万个，覆盖女职工1849.4万人。编发《促进工作场所性别平等指导手册》，推动用人单位贯彻落实法律法规，维护女职工合法权益和特殊利益。各项劳动保护工作深入推进，为女职工参与经济社会发展创造了条件。各行各业女职工以高度的主人翁责任感和历史使命感，在国家经济发展和社会进步中发挥着越来越重要的作用。
Women workers are motivated to perform better by enhancing labor protection. China attaches great importance to safeguarding female employees’ rights through laws and regulations. From the Regulations Concerning the Labor Protection of Female Staff and Workers in 1988 to the Special Rules on the Labor Protection of Female Employees in 2012, protection for women workers have increasingly improved. A growing number of enterprises and companies have given due protection to their female staffers at work, with 71.2% of the enterprises providing labor protections for women workers in 2017, up 35.2 percentage points from 2002. By September 2017, a total of 1.366 million special collective contracts have been signed to protect female employees’ rights, benefiting nearly 80 million women workers. Up to 300,000 trade unions in community-level enterprises and public institutions have set up staff-only resting and nursing lounges, serving 18.494 million women. China published the Manual of Guidance on Promoting Workplace Gender Equality to oblige employers nationwide to abide by relevant laws and regulations to ensure female workers’ legitimate rights and special interests. Such protection measures and efforts have created conditions for women to partake in socio-economic development. Women workers in various sectors, with a high sense of responsibility and historical mission, are playing an increasingly bigger role in promoting China’s economic and social development.
全社会就业人员中女性占比超过四成。新中国成立初期，广大妇女积极投身恢复国民经济和发展社会生产热潮，成为新中国工业化建设的重要力量。改革开放40多年来，随着国家经济社会快速发展，妇女就业选择更加多元，创业之路更加宽广，就业和创业人数大幅增加。2017年，全国女性就业人数3.4亿，比1978年翻了一番（图3）。中国政府实施鼓励妇女就业创业的小额担保贷款财政贴息政策，2009－2018年全国累计发放3837.7亿元，中央及地方落实财政贴息资金408.6亿元，获贷妇女656.9万人次，妇女就业创业得到大力支持。2017年全国妇联举办中国妇女创业创新大赛，吸引56万妇女参与，激发妇女的创业精神和创新活力。妇女成为大众创业、万众创新的重要力量。
Women account for 40% of the labor force. In the early days after the PRC was founded, women actively engaged in activities of reviving the country’s economy and boosting its social development, becoming key elements in the drive to industrialize New China. Thanks to the country’s rapid economic and social development since China launched the reform and opening up drive 40 years ago, women now have increasingly diversified employment options and ampler business opportunities as the number of women workers and entrepreneurs has risen by a big margin. In 2017, there were 340 million women in the labor force, doubling the figure in 1978 (see Chart. 3). The Chinese government has provided small-sum guaranteed loan with financial discount to boost women employment and self-employment. A total of 383.77 billion yuan were allocated between 2009 and 2018, with the central and local governments appropriating 40.86 billion yuan of funds with discount interest rates, benefiting 6.569 million women in employment and self-employment. The 2017 Entrepreneurship and Innovation Competition sponsored by the All-China Women’s Federation attracted 560,000 women.
妇女就业领域极大拓展。在社会主义现代化建设进程中，妇女生产力不断释放，就业领域更加广泛。2010年，妇女从事第二、第三产业的比例为46.8%，比改革开放初期的1982年提高24.8个百分点。党的十八大以来，中国实行就业优先战略，积极推动男女平等就业。2019年，人力资源社会保障部等九部门印发《关于进一步规范招聘行为促进妇女就业的通知》，明确了不得实施的六种就业性别歧视行为，建立健全多部门联合约谈、市场监管、司法救济三条救济渠道，为保障妇女平等享有就业权提供有力支持。2017年，公有经济企事业单位女性专业技术人员1529.7万，占比48.6%，比1982年提高9.5个百分点。妇联组织培养巾帼电商带头人10万多名，辐射带动1500多万妇女增收致富，初步形成“互联网+女性创业”的服务体系，使妇女不出户、不出村就能享受到便捷高效的就业服务，互联网领域创业者中女性达到55%。
Women’s job options are greatly expanded. Throughout the process of socialist modernization, women’s productivity has been continuously unleashed and their employment options also broadened. In 2010, 46.8% of women worked in the secondary and tertiary sectors, up 24.8 percentage points from 1982. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has prioritized employment while actively promoting gender equality in employment. China published a Notice on further straightening recruitment behaviors to promote women’s employment, which explicitly prohibited six types of gender discriminations in job market. Joint enquiry, market supervision and judicial relief are put in place to ensure women can enjoy equal rights in employment. In 2017, there were 15.297 million women technicians in state-owned enterprises and institutions, making up 48.6% of the total technicians, and the figure also represented a 9.5-percentage-point rise from 1982. Over 100,000 women acquired knowledge and skills for e-commerce through the women’s federations programs, who in turn helped 15 million women to increase their income. An “internet + women employment” model has taken shape, by which women can gain access to efficient employment services without leaving their homes. Women have made up 55% of the population doing business online.
各行各业优秀女性大量涌现。中国尊重妇女主体地位，发挥妇女聪明才智，拓宽妇女就业创业渠道，加强就业服务培训，支持妇女在国家建设中建功立业。各级妇联组织表彰了一大批三八红旗手、三八红旗手标兵和三八红旗集体。各级工会组织大力表彰五一巾帼标兵岗和五一巾帼标兵。改革开放40多年来，妇女参与经济社会发展的能力显著增强，在政治、经济、科技、教育、文化、卫生等各条战线展现巾帼风采、贡献巾帼力量。比如，屠呦呦为中药和中西药结合研究做出了卓越贡献，是中国首位获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家，是中国妇女的杰出代表。
A large number of women are demonstrating excellent work performance in various sectors. China respects women as the mainstay of the country, giving full play to their talents, expanding employment opportunities for women and improving employment service and occupational training so as to support women to make achievements in building their country. Women’s federations at various levels have rewarded a host of women with such titles as National March 8th Red-Banner Pacesetters, March 8th Red-Banner Individual Holders, or March 8th Red Banner Collectives. Trade unions at different levels also rewarded those with titles of the Labor Day Women Model Posts or Labor Day Model Women Workers. Women’s capabilities in contributing to economic and social development have been significantly enhanced over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, which has been demonstrated in politics, economy, science and technology, education, culture and health. Tu Youyou, a representative of distinguished women, has made great contributions to the research of Chinese traditional medicine and cross-research of Chinese and Western medicine and she is the first female Chinese scientist to win a Nobel Prize.
