四、妇女政治地位显著提高
IV. Women’s Political Status Has Grown Significantly文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
中国重视保障妇女与男子平等的政治权利。新中国成立之初，就从法律上规定了男女享有平等的选举权、被选举权和管理国家事务的权利。改革开放40多年来，中国特色社会主义民主政治不断完善，为妇女参政提供了新机遇、拓展了新渠道。党的十八大以来，在推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化进程中，妇女参与国家和社会事务管理的水平全面提升，在民主政治建设中的作用日益增强。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
China attaches importance to ensuring women’s equal political rights with men. Since the early years of New China, the state has drawn up and implemented laws to guarantee that women share equal rights with men to vote, to be elected, and to participate in the administration of state affairs. Over the past four decades since the reform and opening up, steady progress has been made in enhancing China’s socialist democracy, which has provided new opportunities and channels for women to participate in politics. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, as China pushes forward the modernization process of state management system and governance capacity, women’s capabilities to participate in the management of state and social affairs have comprehensively improved, and women are playing a greater role in the democratic and political construction.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
中国共产党作为执政党，一贯重视培养选拔女干部、发展女党员。20世纪90年代以来，历次党代会报告都明确要求重视培养选拔女干部。党的十九大报告强调，要统筹做好培养选拔女干部、少数民族干部和党外干部工作。通过召开专题会议、制定政策文件、明确目标要求等措施，持续加大培养力度，不断提高女干部和女党员比例。2017年，全国党政机关女干部人数从改革开放初期的42.2万增加至190.6万，占干部总数的26.5%。2017年，中央机关及其直属机构新录用公务员中女性比例达到52.4%；地方新录用公务员中女性比例达到44%。2018年全国事业单位领导班子成员中，女性比例为22.2%，比2015年提高1.6个百分点。2018年，女党员占党员总数的27.2%，比1956年提高16.7个百分点。党代会代表中的女性比例逐步提升，党的十九大代表中的女性占比24.2%，比1956年党的八大提高14.9个百分点。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
As the ruling party of China, the CPC has highly valued the training and selection of women cadre and the admission of women Party members. Since the 1990s, reports of every Party congress have made it clear that efforts be taken to train and select women officials. The report of the 19th CPC National Congress emphasized the coordination of the training and selection of women officials, ethnic-minority officials and non-Party officials. Concrete measures including holding special conferences, formulating policies and documents and defining goals and requirements are taken to help steadily strengthen the training and increase the number and proportion of women officials and Party members. The number of female officials at Party and government departments increased from 422,000 in the early 1980s to 1.906 million in 2017, accounting for 26.5% of the total officials. In 2017, women accounted for 52.4% of public servants newly-recruited by the central government organs and their affiliates, and the proportion was 44% among local governments. In 2018, women represented 22% of the leadership in national public institutions, 1.6 percentage points higher than in 2015. In 2018, women accounted for 27.2% of Party members, 16.7 percentage points higher than in 1956. The proportion of women representatives in Party congresses has gradually increased, with the number for the 19th CPC National Congress at 24.2%, 14.9 percentage points higher than in 1956 when the 8th CPC National Congress was held.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
人大代表和政协委员中女性比例逐步提升。重视发挥妇女在人民代表大会、人民政治协商会议中的作用，是中国的一贯主张。选举法明确规定，全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会应当有适当数量的妇女代表，并逐步提高妇女代表的比例。《中国妇女发展纲要（2011－2020年）》《国家人权行动计划（2016－2020年）》要求，逐步提高女性在各级人大代表、政协委员中的比例。第十三届全国人民代表大会女代表比例达到24.9%，比1954年第一届提高12.9个百分点。政协第十三届全国委员会女委员比例达到20.4%，比1949年第一届提高14.3个百分点。
There are also higher ratios of women deputies in people’s congresses and women members of the CPPCC. China has valued the role played by women in the people’s congresses and the CPPCC. The election law includes explicit provisions on the proportion of women candidates to national and local people’s congresses and requires gradual increase of the proportion. The Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020) and National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2016-2020) require the proportion of women delegates to the people’s congresses and women members of CPPCC committees at all levels to be gradually increased. The ratio of women deputies to the 13th National People’ s Congress was 24.9%, 12.9 percentage points higher than in 1954 when the first National People’ s Congress was held. The proportion of women members at the 13th CPPCC national committee was 20.4%, 14.3 percentage points higher than 1949 when the first CPPCC was held.
妇女参与基层民主管理更加广泛。积极推动基层民主建设进程，适时制定修订中国共产党农村基层组织工作条例、居民委员会组织法、村民委员会组织法等法律法规，推动村规民约、居民公约修订完善，为妇女广泛参与基层民主管理提供了坚实的制度保障。20世纪80年代以来，村民自治制度的建立发展为农村妇女参与基层民主管理提供了重要保障和条件。2017年，村委会成员中女性比例为23.1%，比2000年提高7.4个百分点。妇女在居委会中的人数比例始终保持较高水平，2017年居委会成员中女性比例为49.7%，居委会主任中女性比例为39.9%。妇女参与企业民主管理比例稳步提升，2017年，工会女会员占比38.3%，企业职工董事和职工监事中女性比例分别为39.7%和41.6%。
Women’s participation in the management of grassroots democracy has become more extensive. There is solid institutional guarantee for women to participate in the management of grassroots democracy, given the proactive measures to drive forward the development of grassroots democracy, the formulation and amendment of laws and regulations regarding rural grassroots organizations of the CPC, organic law of the urban residents’ committees and organic law of the villagers’ committee, and the amendment and improvement of regulations for villagers and urban residents. Since 1980s, the establishment and development of villagers’ autonomy system has provided important protection and created conditions for women to participate in the management of grassroots democracy. In 2017, female representation in village committees was 23.1%, up 7.4 percentage points from 2000. The proportion of women in urban residents’ committees has remained high. In 2017, women made up 49.7% of neighborhood committees and female heads of neighborhood committees reached 39.9%. Female participation in democratic management in enterprises has gradually increased as well. In 2017, female workers represented 38.3% of the trade union members and female representatives made up 39.7% and 41.6% of boards of directors and regulatory committees, respectively.
妇女和妇女组织在民主政治建设中的作用越来越大。妇女参与国家和社会事务管理的途径更加多元，渠道更加畅通。人大女代表、政协女委员认真履职，为国家经济社会发展和妇女事业建言献策。各级党政机关女干部立足岗位，为贯彻落实男女平等基本国策、促进妇女发展恪尽职守。广大妇女民主参与意识不断提高，利用各类平台对国家和社会事务提出建议、表达诉求。妇联组织积极履行代表妇女参与国家和社会事务管理的职责，参与有关法律法规和政策的制定、参与协商民主、参与社会治理和公共服务。党的十八大以来，妇联改革使一大批有热心、有专长、有影响力的妇女骨干进入各级妇联特别是基层妇联工作队伍，乡、村两级妇联执委达到770多万，在基层治理中发挥了重要作用。
Women and women’s organizations have been playing increasingly bigger roles in the development of the country’s democracy and political construction. The channels for women to participate in the management of state and social issues have become more diversified and accessible. Women delegates to people’s congresses and women members of the CPPCC have earnestly performed their duties by pooling wisdom for the national economic and social development and for the promotion of the women’s cause. Women officials in Party and government organs at all levels have carried out their duties with dedication, implementing basic state policy on gender equality and improving women’s development. Women’s awareness of participating in democracy has also improved. Women are offering suggestions and appeals on state and social affairs through various platforms. Women’s federations have actively participated in the management of state and social affairs, the formulation of laws, regulations and policies, and taken part in consultative democracy, social governance and public services on behalf of women. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the reform of women’s federation has drawn a number of passionate, professional and influential female elites to work for women’s federations at all levels, especially for grassroots bodies. Female executive members of women’s federations at township and village level have reached 7.7 million, playing a significant role in grassroots governance.
