五、妇女受教育水平显著提升
V. Women’s Education Level Has Risen Significantly文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
中国通过制定实施法律法规赋予妇女同男子平等的受教育权利。在坚持优先发展教育、持续实施教育惠民政策、缩小城乡教育差距、积极推进教育公平的历史进程中，妇女受教育状况不断改善，受教育水平大幅提升。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
China endows men and women with equal rights to education by formulating and implementing laws and regulations. By upholding the policy of prioritizing education and developing education for the benefit of people, narrowing the education gap between urban and rural areas, actively promoting fairness in education, women’s education status has been gradually improved, with their education level greatly lifted.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
扫除妇女文盲成果斐然。新中国成立之初，妇女文盲率远远高于男性。1949年第一次全国教育工作会议提出，要在全国范围内进行识字教育、扫除文盲。1956年中国发布《关于扫除文盲的决定》，再次明确扫盲工作目标。20世纪50年代开展的三次扫盲运动，帮助1600万名妇女脱盲。改革开放后，中国持续开展扫盲工作，到1993年累计扫除妇女文盲1.1亿。1995年以来，中国政府颁布实施三个周期的中国妇女发展纲要，始终把扫除妇女文盲、提高妇女识字率作为主要目标，把扫除农村妇女文盲作为重点。全国15岁及以上女性人口文盲率由新中国成立前的90%降至2017年的7.3%，实现历史巨变。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
The drive to eliminate female illiteracy has achieved a remarkable progress. The illiteracy rate for women was much higher than that for men when New China was founded. At the first national education conference held in 1949, a campaign was launched to promote literacy and eradicate illiteracy nationwide. In 1956, China promulgated the Decision to Eradicate Illiteracy, reaffirming the goal of illiteracy eradication. The three illiteracy eradication campaigns in 1950s helped over 16 million women become literate. Since the reform and opening up, China has continued to carry out campaigns to eradicate illiteracy, helping a total of 110 million women become literate by 1993. Since 1995, the government has promulgated and implemented Chinese women’s development outlines covering three different periods, all of which put the eradication of female illiteracy and improvement of female literacy as a major goal and regard the eradication of illiteracy among rural women as a key issue. The illiteracy rate among females aged 15 and above dropped from 90% in 1949 to 7.3% in 2017, which was a historic change.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
九年义务教育基本消除性别差距。在大力扫除妇女文盲的基础上，中国高度重视保障女童接受基础教育的权利和机会。制定出台《中华人民共和国义务教育法》等法律和政策，不断加大义务教育投入，重点向农村地区倾斜，通过设立中小学助学金、制定女童专项扶助政策、实施“春蕾计划”和“希望工程”等助学项目，大大增加了农村女童受教育的机会。党的十八大以来，大力推进城乡义务教育一体化发展，补齐农村义务教育短板，农村女童接受教育的机会更多。2017年，女童小学净入学率达到99.9%，与男童完全相同；普通小学和普通初中在校生中女生比例分别达到46.5%和46.4%，比1951年分别提高18.5和20.8个百分点。义务教育阶段基本实现男女平等。
The gender gap in the nine-year compulsory education has been basically eliminated. On the basis of eradicating female illiteracy, China attaches great importance to guaranteeing the rights and opportunities for girls to receive basic education, having formulated and issued such laws and policies as the Compulsory Education Law of the People’s Republic of China to continuously increase investments in compulsory education, giving preferential treatment to rural areas. By offering grants to students in primary and secondary schools, rolling out special support policies for girls, implementing aid projects including the Spring Bud Project and the Project Hope, the country has significantly expanded the opportunities for rural girls to receive education. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, great effort has been made to integrate compulsory education in both urban and rural areas, having overcome the weaknesses in rural compulsory education and created even more opportunities for rural girls to receive education. In 2017, the net primary school enrollment rates of boys and girls were both 99.9%; the proportion of girls in regular primary schools and regular junior high schools was 46.5% and 46.4% respectively, 18.5 and 20.8 percentage points higher than those in 1951 respectively. Gender equality in compulsory education has been basically achieved.
妇女接受高中阶段和高等教育水平实现历史新高。中国高度重视教育发展，女性接受高中阶段和高等教育的机会不断增加。改革开放40多年来，大力普及高中阶段教育，加大中西部贫困地区扶持力度，实行家庭经济困难学生资助政策，女性接受高中阶段教育的机会显著增多。2017年，高中阶段教育毛入学率达到88.3%，高中阶段教育在校女生占在校生总数的47.7%，其中普通高中在校生中女生比例已达50.9%。1998年颁布《中华人民共和国高等教育法》，不断扩大高等教育规模，推行助学贷款制度，设立助学奖学金，为更多女性接受高等教育创造了条件。2017年，普通高等学校本专科在校女生占在校生总数的比例已达52.5%，比1978年提高28.4个百分点，比1949年提高32.7个百分点（图4）；女研究生占研究生总数的比例已达48.4%，比1985年提高29.8个百分点。
The rate of women enjoying high school and higher education has reached a record high. China attaches great importance to the development of education, with the opportunities for women to enjoy high school and higher education on a steady rise. In the past four decades since the reform and opening up, the country has made a vigorous effort to popularize high school education, giving more assistance to poor areas in central and western China and offering grants to students from impoverished families. As a result, opportunities for girls to receive high school education have remarkably increased. In 2017, the gross high school enrollment rate was 88.3%, with girls accounting for 47.7% of all students in high schools, and 50.9% of students in regular high schools were females. The Higher Education Law of the People’s Republic of China promulgated in 1998 created conditions for more females to enjoy higher education by expanding the scale of higher education, promoting educational loan system, and offering students grants and scholarships. Women accounted for 52.5% of students in regular institutions of higher education, 28.4 percentage points higher than in 1978, 32.7 percentage points higher than in 1949 (see Chart 4); women accounted for 48.4% of postgraduate students, 29.8 percentage points higher than in 1985.
妇女接受职业教育和继续教育人数大幅增加。中国不断完善职业教育法律政策，逐步建立健全职业教育体系，妇女接受职业教育的机会不断增加。1996年《中华人民共和国职业教育法》颁布，提出国家采取措施帮助妇女接受职业教育。党的十八大以来，中国更加重视职业教育发展。2019年颁布《国家职业教育改革实施方案》和《高职扩招专项工作实施方案》，扩大高等职业教育招生规模，提升职业教育现代化水平，为妇女接受职业教育提供了新机遇。2017年，中等职业教育在校女生占在校生总数的42.9%。改革开放40多年来，继续教育得到长足发展，成为妇女获得知识、增长技能、提高素质的重要渠道，妇女参加高等学历继续教育的人数和比例逐年上升。2017年，全国成人本专科在校女生占在校生总数的58.8%，比1988年提高27.3个百分点；网络本专科在校女生占在校生总数的47.3%。此外，妇女还广泛参与各级各类非学历继续教育。
The number of women receiving vocational education and continued education has witnessed a marked increase. China has continuously worked to perfect laws and policies regarding vocational education, and gradually established and improved the vocational education system, which have increased the opportunities for women to receive vocational education. The Vocational Education Law of the People’s Republic of China promulgated in 1996 states that the country takes measures to help women receive vocational education. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has attached more importance to the development of vocational education. The National Implementation Plan for Vocational Education Reform and the Special Implementation Plan for the Expansion of Enrollment by Higher Vocational Schools promulgated in 2019 expanded the scale of enrollment for higher vocational education, promoted the modernization of vocational education, and provided new opportunities for women to receive vocational education. In 2017, women accounted for 42.9% of students in secondary vocational schools. Over the past four decades since the reform and opening up, continued education has witnessed remarkable progress and has become an important channel for women to acquire knowledge, gain skills and improve their qualities. The number and proportion of women participating in higher continued education have both increased year by year. In 2017, women accounted for 58.8% of students in institutes for continued education, 27.3 percentage points higher than in 1988; 47.3% of students attending online higher continued education were women. Besides, women are widely attending non-degree education at all levels and of all categories.
女童平等接受学前教育取得成效。新中国成立初期，在机关单位、工矿企业、街道、公社建立幼儿园。1992年国务院颁布实施《九十年代中国儿童发展规划纲要》，提出3－6岁幼儿入园率达到35%。从2011年开始，中国连续实施三期学前教育三年行动计划，解决入园难问题。《中国妇女发展纲要（2011－2020年）》提出，学前教育毛入学率达到70%，女童平等接受学前教育。2018年，中共中央、国务院印发《关于学前教育深化改革规范发展的若干意见》，要求推进学前教育普及普惠安全优质发展。2017年，3－6岁儿童毛入园率为79.6%，全国接受学前教育的幼儿达4600万，其中女童占比46.7%。
Efforts to ensure girls equally enjoy preschool education have proved effective. When New China was founded, kindergartens were built by institutional units, industrial and mining enterprises, neighborhoods and communes. In 1992, the State Council promulgated the Planning Outline for Development of Chinese Children in 1990s, which stipulates that the kindergarten enrollment rate for children aged 3-6 should reach 35%. Since 2011, China has implemented three three-year action plans for preschool education in a row, solving the difficulty of getting enrolled in kindergartens. China National Program for Women’s Development (2011-2020) stipulates that the gross enrollment rate of preschool education should reach 70% and that girls enjoy equal preschool education. The document, Multiple Opinions on Deepening Reform and Standardizing Development of Preschool Education, issued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council in 2018 calls for the popularization as well as safe and quality development of preschool education for the benefit of all. In 2017, the gross kindergarten enrollment rate for children aged 3-6 was 79.6%. The number of children receiving preschool education reached 46 million, with girls accounting for 46.7%.
