八、妇女在家庭文明建设中发挥独特作用
VIII. Women Play Unique Role in Cultivation of Family Virtues文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
家庭是社会的细胞。家庭和睦则社会安定，家庭幸福则社会祥和，家庭文明则社会文明。中国始终高度重视家庭建设，注重保障妇女婚姻家庭权利，男女平等的婚姻家庭关系日益巩固。党的十八大以来，更加注重家庭、注重家教、注重家风，更加注重发挥妇女在家庭生活中的独特作用，推动社会主义核心价值观在家庭落地生根，形成爱国爱家、相亲相爱、向上向善、共建共享的社会主义家庭文明新风尚。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
Families are the cells of society. Family harmony is good for social stability, family happiness creates social harmony, and family virtues bring about social civilization. China has always attached great importance to family building, focused on protecting women’s rights to marriage and family, and increasingly consolidated the equality between men and women in marriage and family relations. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, it has paid more attention to family, family education, family tradition, and the unique role of women in family life, promoting the core socialist values to take root in families, and forming a new style of socialist family virtues featuring patriotism, family love, mutual love and care, aspiration for the pursuit of excellence and moral integrity, and joint building and sharing.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
建立完善男女平等的婚姻家庭制度。1950年颁布实施婚姻法，从根本上废除了封建婚姻制度对妇女的歧视和压迫，妇女的婚姻家庭生活发生了历史性变革。1954年第一部宪法明确规定妇女与男子在家庭生活方面享有平等的权利，婚姻、家庭、母亲和儿童受国家的保护。历次宪法修改都注重保障妇女平等的婚姻家庭权益。婚姻法修改重申实行男女平等的婚姻制度，倡导维护平等、和睦、文明的婚姻家庭关系，增加禁止实施家庭暴力、家务劳动补偿权和离婚损害赔偿等保障妇女权益的条款。涉及婚姻家庭关系的相关法律法规都强调对妇女权益的保护。2015年出台反家庭暴力法，规定禁止任何形式的家庭暴力，妇女在家庭中的人身权利进一步得到保障。2017年颁布民法总则并启动民法典编纂工作，重视进一步完善男女平等的婚姻家庭制度。2017年，全国妇联、中央综治办、最高人民法院等6部门出台《关于做好婚姻家庭纠纷预防化解工作的意见》，为群众化解婚姻家庭纠纷提供多元、便捷的服务。2018年最高人民法院出台司法解释，破解夫妻共同债务认定标准难题。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
Establishing a marriage and family system to improve the equality between men and women. The enactment of the New Marriage Law in 1950 fundamentally abolished the discrimination and oppression against women in the feudal marriage system, and as a result women’s marriage and family life have undergone historical changes. The first 1954 Constitution of the People’s Republic of China clearly prescribed that women and men have equal rights in family life, and that marriage, family, mothers and children are protected by the state. All previous constitutional amendments have focused on protecting women’s equal rights to marriage and family. The amendment of the Marriage Law reaffirmed the implementation of a marriage system featuring the equality between men and women, advocated maintaining equal, harmonious and civilized marriage and family relations, and added provisions prohibiting domestic violence and supporting compensation for housework and divorce damages. Relevant laws and regulations concerning marriage and family relations emphasize the protection of women’s rights. In 2015, the Anti-Domestic Violence Law was enacted, which prohibits any form of domestic violence and protects women’s personal rights in family. In 2017, the General Principles of the Civil Law was promulgated and the compilation of the Civil Code was initiated, focusing on further improving the marriage and family system featuring the equality between men and women. In 2017, six government entities, including the All-China Women’s Federation, the Central Public Security Comprehensive Management Commission, and the Supreme People’s Court, issued the “Opinions on Preventing and Resolving Marriage and Family Disputes” to provide diverse and convenient services for the public to resolve marriage and family disputes. In 2018, the Supreme People’s Court issued a judicial interpretation to solve the thorny problem concerning the identification standard of the joint debts of husband and wife.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7679.html
建立支持家庭和妇女发展的政策体系。新中国成立后，相继出台涉及婚姻、生育、托幼、养老等与家庭密切相关的政策，机关单位、工矿企业、街道、公社等建立哺乳室、托儿所、幼儿园，解放妇女劳动力，支持妇女广泛参加社会劳动。改革开放40多年来，中国将家庭建设纳入国家经济社会发展总体规划。国家“十二五”规划纲要和国家“十三五”规划纲要都对家庭建设提出明确要求，强调提高家庭发展能力，重视家庭在支撑社会发展、分担社会责任中的作用。中国妇女发展纲要强调男女共担家庭责任，发展面向家庭的公共服务，为夫妻双方兼顾工作和家庭创造条件。2010年印发《国务院办公厅关于发展家庭服务业的指导意见》，全国妇联与人力资源社会保障部共同实施巾帼家政服务培训专项工程，帮助更多夫妻更好地兼顾工作与家庭。持续开展关爱女孩行动，深入推进“婚育新风进万家”活动。2015年，中共中央、国务院印发《关于实施全面两孩政策改革完善计划生育服务管理的决定》，提出构建家庭发展支持体系，建立完善包括生育支持、幼儿养育、老人赡养等在内的家庭发展政策，广泛开展创建幸福家庭活动和新家庭计划，增强家庭抚幼和养老功能，支持女性生育后重返工作岗位，鼓励用人单位制定有利于职工平衡工作与家庭的措施，促进社会性别平等。2019年，国务院办公厅发布《关于促进3岁以下婴幼儿照护服务发展的指导意见》，提出建立健全婴幼儿照护服务的政策法规体系和标准规范体系，为家庭育儿提供政策支持。
Establishing a policy system to support family and women’s development. After New China was founded, policies closely associated with family were issued, including those related to marriage, maternity, child care, and elderly care. Government entities, industrial and mining enterprises, residential districts, and communes established nursing rooms, nurseries, kindergartens, which liberated women’s labor and supported women’s broad participation in social labor. For more than 40 years since the reform and opening up policy was adopted, China has incorporated family building into the overall plan for national economic and social development. The 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) and the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) outlined clear requirements for family building, emphasized the improvement of family development ability, and attached importance to the role of family in supporting social development and sharing social responsibility. The Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011-2020) emphasized shared family responsibilities of men and women, development of family-oriented public services, and creation of conditions for both husband and wife to strike a balance between work and family. In 2010, the “Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on the Development of Family Service Industry” was issued. The All-China Women’s Federation and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security jointly implemented a special project for training women on family services to help more couples better balance work and family. Further efforts were made to continue carrying out the campaign of caring girls and deeply promoting the activities of “Bringing a New Marital Style into Thousands of Families”. In 2015, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the “Decision on Implementing a Comprehensive Two-Child Policy Reform and Perfecting Family Planning Service Management” which proposed establishing a family development support system, establishing complete family development policies, including birth support, child rearing, and elderly support. Measures were taken to extensively develop happy family activities and new family plans, strengthen the role of family in child care and elderly care, support women in returning to work after delivery, encourage employers to devise measures that help employees balance work and family, and promote gender equality in society. In 2019, General Office of the State Council issued the “Guiding Opinions on Improving Care Services for Infants Under 3 Years Old,” proposing the establishment of a sound policy and regulation system and a standardized system for infant and childcare services, and providing policy support for family parenting.
统筹协调社会资源支持服务家庭教育。中国高度重视家庭教育工作。1996年以来，全国妇联、教育部、中央文明办等部门连续发布了五轮家庭教育工作规划。自2010年起，印发《全国家庭教育指导大纲》，出台《关于加强家庭教育工作的指导意见》，在科学指导家庭教育实践中发挥重要作用。家庭教育立法纳入第十三届全国人大常委会立法规划，部分地区出台了家庭教育促进条例。2018年召开全国教育大会，强调全社会要担负起青少年成长成才的责任，发挥家庭作为人生第一所学校、帮助扣好人生第一粒扣子的重要作用，坚持把立德树人作为家庭教育的根本任务，培养孩子的好思想、好品行、好习惯。目前，家庭教育指导服务的专业化、网络化、精细化水平不断提升，指导服务阵地多元化拓展。截至2017年底，共建立各类家长学校42.6万个、培训7086万人次，创办网上家长学校1.7万个、短信微信服务平台6.5万个。越来越多的城乡家庭享受到普惠性、公益性的家庭教育指导服务。
Coordinating social resources to support family education service. China attaches great importance to family education. Since 1996, the All-China Women’s Federation, the Ministry of Education, the Central Commission for Guiding Cultural and Ethical Progress and other departments have successively issued five rounds of family education work plans. Since 2010, the “Guiding Outline of National Family Education” and the “Guiding Opinions on Strengthening Family Education Work” were issued, which have played an important role in guiding family education practice in a scientific manner. Family education legislation was incorporated into the legislative plan of the Standing Committee of the 13th NPC, and in some regions regulations on promoting family education were issued. In 2018, the National Education Conference was held, emphasizing the responsibility of the whole society for boosting the healthy growth of the young, and the important role of family, as the first school in life, in helping fasten the first button of life, persisting in the fundamental task of strengthening moral education and cultivating people in family education, and fostering children’s good thinking, good conduct, and good habits. At present, the level of specialization, networking and refinement of family education guidance services has been continuously improved, while the guidance service areas have been diversified. By the end of 2017, a total of 426,000 parent schools were established, 70.86 million training sessions were launched, and 17,000 online parent schools and 65,000 SMS and WeChat service platforms were established. More and more urban and rural families enjoy inclusive and public welfare family education guidance services.
重视发挥妇女在家庭文明建设中的独特作用。中国重视发挥妇女在弘扬家庭美德、树立良好家风方面的独特作用。从20世纪50年代全国城乡普遍开展的“五好家庭”评选活动，到改革开放后开展的具有鲜明时代特征的美好家庭、五好文明家庭、绿色家庭、平安家庭、和谐家庭、文明家庭等各类家庭文明建设活动，广大妇女积极响应参与，推动男女平等、夫妻和睦、尊老爱幼等家庭文化发展，倡导绿色环保、文明健康的生活方式，使家庭成为社会平安与和谐的起点，用榜样力量引领家庭见贤思齐、崇德向善，追求和谐平安幸福生活。党的十八大以来，更加重视发挥家庭在传承美德、涵养家风、立德树人等方面的重要作用。2014年，妇联组织开展寻找“最美家庭”活动以来，广大妇女踊跃参加，推动社会主义核心价值观在家庭落细落小落实，把家教家风家训送到千家万户，以好的家风支撑起好的社会风气。截至2018年底，累计4.85亿人次参与线上线下寻找“最美家庭”活动，涌现出各级各类“最美家庭”380多万户。1997－2018年，表彰全国“五好家庭”8800多户。2016年开始，各级工会女职工组织开展“培育好家风——女职工在行动”主题实践活动。2019年，妇联组织启动实施“家家幸福安康工程”（图7），积极回应广大妇女和亿万家庭新时代的新需求，以小家庭的和谐共建大社会的和谐，推动形成家家幸福安康的生动局面。
Emphasizing the unique role of women in cultivating family virtues. China attaches importance to the unique role of women in promoting family virtues and establishing good family traditions. From the “Five-Virtue Family” selection activities carried out in urban and rural areas nationwide in the 1950s, to various family virtue cultivation activities, such as beautiful families, five-virtue families, green families, peaceful families, harmonious families, and civilized families, plenty of women actively participated in cultivating family virtues, promoted the development of family virtues such as the equality between men and women, harmony between husband and wife, respect for the elderly, and love for the children, advocated for a green, environmentally friendly and healthy lifestyle, made family a starting point for social peace and harmony, took advantage of model families’ role in encouraging other families to emulate them, respect virtues and good deeds, and pursue a harmonious and happy life. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, more emphasis has been placed on the important role of family in passing on virtues, fostering family traditions, and strengthening moral education and cultivating people. In 2014, since the All-China Women’s Federation organized the “Most Beautiful Family” campaign, the majority of women have participated actively in it, promoting the implementation of the core socialist values in families, passing on family education and family tradition to thousands of households, and supporting good social morality with good family tradition. By the end of 2018, a total of 485 million people had participated in the online and offline search for the “Most Beautiful Family” activities, and more than 3.8 million “Most Beautiful Families” at various levels had stood out. From 1997 to 2018, more than 8,800 households were commended as “Five-Virtue Families.” Since the beginning of 2016, female workers at all levels of trade unions organized practical activities with the theme of “Cultivating Good Family Tradition – Female Employees in Action.” In 2019, the All-China Women’s Federation launched the implementation of the “Family Wellbeing Project” (see Chart 7), responding positively to the new needs of a great number of women and hundreds of millions of families in the new era, creating social harmony based on the harmony of small families, and promoting the formation of family happiness and wellbeing.
新时代家庭关系更加平等和睦文明。70年来，广大妇女摆脱封建婚姻制度束缚，婚姻自主程度大幅提高，婚姻家庭关系中的主体意识和权利意识不断增强。婚姻家庭中的性别平等状况明显改善，夫妻共同决策家庭事务渐成风尚。第三期中国妇女社会地位调查显示，70%以上妇女参与家庭重大事务决策，越来越多的妇女平等分享家庭资源，越来越多的夫妻共担家务、平衡家庭和工作，男女两性家务劳动时间差距逐步缩小。全社会促进男女平等婚姻关系健康发展的法治意识不断提升，尊老爱幼、男女平等、夫妻和睦、邻里团结的思想观念更加深入人心。千千万万个家庭共同促进家庭和睦、亲人相爱、下一代健康成长、老年人老有所养，成为国家发展、民族进步、社会和谐的重要基点。
Family relationship in the new era is more equal, harmonious, and civilized. In the past 70 years, a great number of women have been freed from the feudal marriage system, the degree of autonomy in marriage has been greatly improved, and the awareness of subject and rights in marriage and family relations has been continuously enhanced. Gender equality in marriage and family has improved markedly, and the joint decision-making of family affairs has become a trend. The third round of the Chinese Women’s Social Status survey shows that more than 70% of women participate in the decision-making of family affairs, more and more women share family resources equally, more and more couples share housework, balance family and work, and the gap of time spent in housework between men and women has gradually narrowed. The awareness of rule of law in promoting the healthy development of equal marriage between men and women in the whole society has been continuously improved. The consciousness of respecting the elderly and loving the young, equality between men and women, harmony between husband and wife, and neighborhood unity has become more deeply rooted in people’s hearts. Thousands upon thousands of families have jointly promoted family harmony, family love, the healthy growth of next generations, and elderly care, which has become the cornerstone for national development, people’s progress, and social harmony.
