一、中国走出一条符合国情的发展道路
I. China Has Found a Development Path Suited to Its Actual Conditions文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7815.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7815.html
中国是有着5000多年文明史的大国，历史上曾长期走在世界前列。近代以后，中国陷入积贫积弱、内忧外患甚至亡国亡种的危险境地。中国人民始终不屈不挠、奋力抗争，始终梦想实现国家富强、民族复兴、人民幸福。在中国共产党领导下，中国人民经过艰苦卓绝的斗争，在半殖民地半封建社会基础上建立起新中国，实现了民族独立和人民解放，中华民族进入了发展新纪元。70年来，中国人民艰辛探索、砥砺前行，在中华民族5000多年历史文化的传承中，在总结社会主义500年、近代以来中华民族由衰到盛170多年的经验教训基础上，在中国革命、建设和改革的伟大实践中，成功开辟了中国特色社会主义道路，取得了举世瞩目的发展成就。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7815.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7815.html
China is a large country with a 5,000-year-old civilization. Over a long period of history, it ranked among the most advanced countries in the world. In modern times, China was reduced to poverty and weakness, threatened by domestic strife and foreign aggression, and even confronted with complete demise. Through unrelenting struggle, the Chinese dream of prosperity and rejuvenation for their country, and happiness for the people. In 1949, under the CPC’s leadership, they founded the PRC, turning a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society into a completely new one, and achieving national independence and the liberation of the people. China then entered a new epoch of development. Over the past 70 years it has been moving forward against all odds, and exploring its path to development. Based on the 5,000-year-old Chinese culture, the experience and lessons from the birth of socialism, the fall-to-rise turnaround of the Chinese nation in 170 years, and the history of revolution, construction and reform, the Chinese people have opened up the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and achieved remarkable outcomes.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7815.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7815.html
（一）中国发展靠的是自力更生、艰苦奋斗文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7815.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7815.html
1. China’s development lies in self-reliance and hard work文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7815.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/7815.html
新中国成立之初，面对的是一个经历100多年战乱、满目疮痍的烂摊子，国家一穷二白，人民生活极端贫困，工农业基础十分薄弱，国民经济几近崩溃。中国人民求生存、谋发展，难度之大超出想象。70年来，中国人民白手起家、自力更生、艰苦奋斗，干出了一片新天地。
In the early days of the PRC, following a century of war and chaos, the country and the people were in dire poverty, the industrial and agricultural foundations were weak, and the economy was on the verge of collapse. The people faced unimaginable difficulties in seeking survival and development. Over the seven decades that followed, through self-reliance and hard work they rebuilt the country from nothing, and have opened up new horizons.
经济实力显著增强。从1952年至2018年，中国工业增加值从120亿元增加到305160亿元，按不变价格计算增长970倍，年均增长11%；国内生产总值从679亿元增加到90万亿元，按不变价计算增长174倍，年均增长8.1%；人均国内生产总值从119元增加到2018年的64644元，按不变价计算增长70倍。根据世界银行数据，按市场汇率计算，2018年中国经济规模为13.6万亿美元，仅次于美国的20.5万亿美元。目前，中国是世界上唯一拥有联合国产业分类目录中所有工业门类的国家，多项工业品产量居世界第一。科技发展成就显著，“两弹一星”、载人航天、超级杂交水稻、高性能计算机、人工合成牛胰岛素、青蒿素、高速铁路等重大科技成果，为经济社会发展提供了有力支撑。对外贸易持续增加，2009年中国成为全球最大货物出口国、第二大货物进口国，2013年成为全球货物贸易第一大国。改革开放以来，中国引进外资大幅增加，日益成为吸引全球投资热土。中国已经成为世界第二大经济体、制造业第一大国、货物贸易第一大国、商品消费第二大国、外资流入第二大国、外汇储备第一大国（表1）。
China’s economic strength has greatly increased. From 1952 to 2018, China’s industrial added value increased from RMB12 billion to RMB30.5 trillion, up 970 times at constant prices, with an average annual growth rate of 11 percent. GDP increased from RMB67.9 billion to RMB90 trillion, up 174 times at constant prices, with an average annual growth rate of 8.1 percent, and per capita GDP increased from RMB119 to RMB64,644, up 70 times at constant prices. According to World Bank statistics, at market exchange rates China’s economy in 2018 was worth US$13.6 trillion, second only to the US economy which was worth US$20.5 trillion. Currently, China is the only country that possesses all the sections in the United Nations’ International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), with the output of many industrial products ranking first in the world.
China has made remarkable progress in technology. Significant achievements such as nuclear bombs, ballistic missiles, manmade satellites, manned spaceflight, super hybrid rice, supercomputers, synthetic bovine insulin, artemisinin, and high-speed rail, have provided strong support for social and economic development.
China’s foreign trade has been increasing constantly. In 2009, China became the world’s largest exporter of goods and second largest importer of goods; in 2013, China became the world’s largest trader in goods. Since reform and opening up in 1978, foreign investment in China has seen a substantial increase, and China has become very attractive to global investment. China has become the world’s second largest economy, largest manufacturer, largest trader in goods, second largest consumer of commodities, second largest recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI), and largest holder of foreign exchange reserves (see Table 1).
人民生活极大改善。经过长期努力，中国人民从饥寒交迫、解决温饱到实现总体小康，正在迈向全面小康（表2）。按照现行农村贫困标准计算，中国农村贫困人口从1978年的7.7亿人，下降到2018年的1660万人，农村贫困发生率从97.5%下降到1.7%，下降了95.8个百分点（图1），创造了人类减贫史上的奇迹（专栏1）。中国初步构建起世界上规模最大、覆盖人口最多，包括养老、医疗、低保、住房、教育等民生领域的社会保障体系。2018年末，全国参加城镇职工基本养老保险人数41902万人，参加失业保险人数19643万人，参加工伤保险人数23874万人，基本养老保险覆盖超过9亿人，基本医疗保险覆盖超过13亿人，基本实现全民医保。70年前，中国人均预期寿命35岁，2018年达到77岁，远高于世界平均预期寿命72岁。70年来，中国人民的精神面貌发生深刻变化，中华民族优秀传统文化充分弘扬，当代中国价值观念广泛传播，中国人民的精神生活更加丰富、更加活跃。美国波士顿咨询公司发布的全球民生福祉报告显示，过去10年中，中国排名上升25位，在受调查的152个国家中进步最快。（注1）
The Chinese people’s lives have been greatly improved. A persevering effort has provided the Chinese people with adequate food and clothing, and made it possible for them to live decent lives and move towards a moderately prosperous society in all respects (see Table 2). China’s rural population living under the current poverty line decreased from 770 million in 1978 to 16.6 million in 2018, and China’s rural poverty incidence dropped from 97.5 percent to 1.7 percent, down by 95.8 percentage points (see Figure 1). This is an outstanding achievement in the history of poverty reduction (see Box 1).
China has established a preliminary social security system covering elderly care, medical care, minimum subsistence, housing, and education – the largest in scale and covering the largest population in the world. By the end of 2018:
- Participants in urban workers’ basic elderly care insurance numbered 419 million;
- Participants in unemployment insurance numbered 196 million;
- Participants in work injury compensation insurance numbered 239 million;
- Basic elderly care insurance covered more than 900 million people;
- Basic medical insurance covered more than 1.3 billion people, almost everyone in the country.
Over the past 70 years, China’s life expectancy has increased from 35 in 1949 to 77 in 2018, higher than the world’s average of 72. Over the past 70 years, the Chinese people have witnessed profound changes in their mindset. They have carried forward fine traditional Chinese culture, spread modern Chinese values, and enriched and invigorated their cultural life. According to a global wellbeing report released by the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) in 2018, in the past decade, China’s ranking rose by 25 places, the fastest rate among the 152 countries covered.1
国际地位和国际影响力显著提升。1971年，中国恢复在联合国的合法席位，以更加积极的姿态在国际事务中发挥作用。1980年4月和5月，中国先后恢复了在国际货币基金组织和世界银行的合法席位。2001年，中国加入世界贸易组织，更加广泛深入地参与国际经贸交流与合作。中国在国际社会广交朋友，已与179个国家建立外交关系，建立了110对各种形式的伙伴关系。中共十八大以来，中国提出推动构建人类命运共同体、共建“一带一路”的倡议，载入联合国多项决议，得到国际社会广泛认同和积极响应。
China’s international position and influence have greatly improved. In 1971, China recovered its legitimate seat in the United Nations and began to play a more active role in international affairs. In April and May 1980, China recovered its legitimate seats in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. In 2001, China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) and began to participate more extensively and deeply in international economic and trade exchanges and cooperation. China has been making friends in the international community, having established diplomatic relations with 179 countries, and 110 partnerships of various types. Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, China has proposed a global community of shared future and the Belt and Road Initiative, which have been written into many UN resolutions and have won extensive recognition and a warm response from the international community.
中国的发展成就是辛辛苦苦干出来的。对于中国这样一个有着近14亿人口的大国，好日子等不来、要不来，唯有奋斗，别无他路。中国的发展，靠的是“8亿件衬衫换一架波音”的实干精神，几代人驰而不息、接续奋斗，付出别人难以想象的辛劳和汗水；靠的是“自己的担子自己扛”的担当精神，无论顺境还是逆境，不输出问题，不转嫁矛盾，不通过强买强卖、掠夺别国发展自己；靠的是“摸着石头过河”的探索精神，不走帝国主义、殖民主义老路，不照搬西方国家发展模式，而是结合中国实际、总结经验教训、借鉴人类文明，敢闯敢试，走出一条自己的路。
China’s successes have been achieved through hard work. A large country with a nearly 1.4 billion population, China cannot achieve prosperity by asking for assistance and waiting. The only option is hard work. China relied on the solid and unremitting efforts of generations of Chinese people, which is represented in the typical case of “800 million shirts in exchange for a Boeing airplane”. China relied on fulfilling its own responsibility in good times and in adversity, without exporting or shifting problems elsewhere, and without seeking development by trading under coercion or exploiting other countries. China relied on a pioneering spirit, like crossing the river by feeling for stones, neither retracing the steps of imperialism and colonialism, nor copying the development model of Western countries, but blazing its own path with bold experiments, based on its own conditions, experience and lessons as well as the achievements of other civilizations.
