九、国家对新疆的支持与帮助
IX. State Support and Assistance to Xinjiang文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
中国共产党和中国政府始终高度重视新疆的发展，不断加大对新疆的支持与帮助力度。60年来，国家对新疆的财政补助合计16918亿元。在不同时期，国家和各兄弟省区市采取不同方式援建新疆，成为推动新疆经济社会发展的强劲动力。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
The CPC and the Chinese government have always attached great importance to the development of Xinjiang, and have continuously increased their support and assistance. Over the past 60 years, the state’s financial grants to Xinjiang totaled almost RMB1.7 trillion. The state and other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have at different times provided support to Xinjiang in various forms, acting as a strong driving force to boost the region’s economic and social development.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
国家支持奠定新疆发展基础。自治区成立至改革开放前，国家通过分配、调动和鼓励内地知识分子和专业技术人员到新疆工作，号召内地青壮年、城市知识青年、工人支援边疆建设，鼓励和安置复转军人留在新疆，铸就了一代艰苦创业、扎根边疆的建设者，为新疆的经济社会发展、屯垦戍边和国防安全做出了巨大贡献。国家实施“核定收支，总额计算，多余上缴，不足补助，一年一定”以及提高民族地区财政预备费的设置比例、对民族贸易企业实行优惠政策等措施，通过设立少数民族地区教育特殊补助经费、民族地区补助费等各种专项资金，支持新疆加快发展。1955－1978年，国家累计补助新疆71.9亿元。通过大量投资促进新疆基础设施建设，完成了兰新铁路、克拉玛依油田、塔里木油田等重大基础设施及工业项目。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
State support has laid the foundation for Xinjiang’s development. From the founding of the autonomous region to the launch of the reform and opening-up drive, the state had, by way of job allocation and job transfer, encouraged intellectuals and technical professionals to go to work in Xinjiang, called on young adults, urban educated youth and workers in inland areas of the country to support frontier development and encouraged demobilized service people to stay in Xinjiang and assigned them jobs there, thus fostering a generation of builders who have been hard-working and pioneering and took roots in the border areas. They have made an invaluable contribution to Xinjiang’s economic and social development, to the cultivation and defense of the border regions as well as national security.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
The state has supported Xinjiang to boost its development by adopting quite a number of measures, such as checking and ratifying on a yearly basis its balance of total revenues and expenditures, and turning in to the state the surplus while having the deficiency to be made up by the central budget; raising the proportion of budget reserves for ethnic minority areas; implementing preferential policies for ethnic trade companies; and establishing various special funds like special allowance funds of education for ethnic minority areas, and ethnic minority area allowances. From 1955 to 1978, the state subsidized Xinjiang with RMB7.19 billion accumulatively. With hefty state funds, many major infrastructure and other industrial projects in the region have been completed, including the Lanzhou-Urumqi Railway and the Karamay and Tarim oilfields.
加大政策与资金支持力度。改革开放以来，国家在经济、教育、科技、文化、医疗、生态、环保、金融等领域不断加大对新疆的支持力度。1980－1988年实行年均递增10%的核定包干基数的财政政策。1994年，国家实施分税制财政管理体制改革，原有对少数民族地区的补助和专项拨款政策全部保留。1995年开始实行过渡期转移支付办法，对少数民族地区专门增设政策性转移支付内容。引导和鼓励企业到新疆投资，加大财政投入和金融支持。2005年，启动对南疆四地州和兵团在南疆三个师的对口支援、重点扶持工作。2007年出台《国务院关于进一步促进新疆经济社会发展的若干意见》。
The state has strengthened both policy and financial support to Xinjiang. Since the adoption of the reform and opening-up policy, the state has kept intensifying efforts to support Xinjiang in such fields as economy, education, science and technology, culture, medical services, ecological and environmental protection, and finance. From 1980 to 1988, the central budget provided a quota subsidy to Xinjiang with an average yearly increase of 10 percent. In 1994, when the state introduced tax revenue-sharing between the central and local authorities, it maintained the previous policies of providing subsidies and special allocations to ethnic minority areas. When it adopted transitional transfer payments the following year, it added special provision concerning the policy of transfer payments to ethnic minority areas.
The state has guided and encouraged businesses to invest in Xinjiang, and provided greater investment and financial support to Xinjiang. In 2005, it initiated pairing-assistance to the four prefectures and the three divisions under the XPCC in southern Xinjiang. In 2007, it promulgated the Opinions of the State Council on Further Boosting Xinjiang’s Economic and Social Development.
培养并输送优秀人才。20世纪80年代，国家推动新疆与内地百余所高校实施协作计划，招生规模由最初的800人扩大到目前的6800人。截至2014年，累计招收少数民族学生5.4万人，为新疆培养输送了本、专科毕业生2.1万人。2000年启动内地新疆高中班人才培养工程，累计招生7万人，3.8万余名学生已毕业，其中95%的毕业生升入内地发达省（市）区高校。2003年开始在区内城市开办区内初中班，累计招生6.13万人。2011年开办内地新疆中职班，累计招生1.32万人。内高班、内职班和协作计划主要招收新疆农牧区少数民族学生，使其接受更好的教育。在内地20多个发达省（市）区的近600所学校就读的新疆少数民族学生已达10万余人。
The state has also trained and provided talents for Xinjiang. In the 1980s, it initiated a cooperative program between Xinjiang and more than 100 institutions of higher learning in other parts of the country, with the total enrollment eventually growing from 800 to 6,800. By 2014, these institutions had enrolled, accumulatively, 54,000 students of ethnic minority origins from Xinjiang, in addition to providing the autonomous region with 21,000 undergraduates and junior college graduates. In 2000, the state launched a program encouraging senior high schools in hinterland areas of the country to hold classes of students from Xinjiang, so far enrolling in total 70,000 from Xinjiang, 38,000 of whom have graduated, with 95 percent continuing their studies in colleges located in the developed provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. Since 2003, junior high school classes have been set up in some cities of Xinjiang, enrolling to date a total of 61,300 students from remote impoverished areas. Senior high school classes and secondary vocational classes were opened in 2011 in other parts of the country for Xinjiang students, which have thus far enrolled 13,200 students.
All of these senior-high-school and junior-high-school classes held in hinterland areas target mainly ethnic minority students from Xinjiang’s farming and pasturing areas to offer them a better education. At present, more than 100,000 ethnic minority students are studying in nearly 600 schools in some 20 economically better developed provinces, municipalities directly under the central government and autonomous regions.
1996年，国家以选派援疆干部模式专门援助新疆发展，至2014年，共选派8批11000多名干部、人才到新疆工作。2004年启动“博士服务团”选派工作，至2014年共选派11批81名博士到新疆工作。国家还实施了一系列人才培养政策：选派少数民族干部到中央国家机关和经济相对发达地区挂职锻炼，开办内地高校新疆班、内地新疆高中班，实施“少数民族高层次骨干人才计划”和“西部之光”访问学者培养计划，对民族地区高等学校和民族院校学位授权点的建设和研究生招生规模等给予特殊政策扶持等。
In 1996, the state began to extend support to Xinjiang’s development by way of selecting and sending officials to work in Xinjiang. By 2014, it had sent eight complements numbering more than 11,000 officials and professionals. In 2004, a new initiative involved sending qualified professionals with doctor’s degrees to work in the region. By 2014, 11 groups of 81 persons with doctor’s degrees had gone and worked in the autonomous region through this project.
The state has also implemented a number of other talent training policies, such as selecting and appointing officials of ethnic minority origins to temporary posts in central government offices or in areas with better developed economy to get training; holding Xinjiang classes in inland higher-learning institutions and senior high schools; implementing such programs as the “Program for High-Caliber Personnel from Ethnic Minorities” and “Light of the West” for the training of visiting scholars; and giving special policy support to the development of higher-learning institutions located in the ethnic minority areas or the master’s and doctor’s degree granting centers of ethnic colleges and universities in terms of graduate enrollment size, etc.
新一轮对口援疆成效显著。2010年3月，第一次全国对口援疆工作会议召开，中央决定全国19个省市以全覆盖方式对口支援新疆12个地（州）的82个县（市）以及兵团12个师。国家出台一系列特殊政策支持新疆发展：2015年1月1日起，新疆煤炭资源税实行从价计征，税率确定为6%；将新疆确定为重要的国家级综合能源基地，全面提升新疆能源资源的清洁、高效开发与转化利用水平；对援疆干部和人才在管理权限与方式、选派与轮换等8方面做出具体规定；对属于《新疆困难地区重点鼓励发展产业企业所得税优惠目录（试行）》的企业实行企业所得税“两免三减半”政策；对喀什、霍尔果斯两个经济开发区提出10个方面的扶持政策；对新疆12个产业实施差别化产业政策等。
The new round of pairing-assistance has yielded notable results. The First National Meeting on Pairing-Assistance to Xinjiang was held in March 2010. At the meeting, the central authorities decided to pair off 19 provinces and municipalities directly under the central government with 82 counties (cities) in 12 prefectures in Xinjiang and the 12 divisions of the XPCC to render support to the latter.
Moreover, the state has adopted a number of special policies to support Xinjiang’s development, and these include: as of January 1,2015, ad valorem collection has been implemented for coal resources tax in Xinjiang at a rate of 6 percent; Xinjiang has been designated a key state-class comprehensive energy base and all-round efforts are called to improve the clean and efficient development, conversion and utilization of Xinjiang’s energy resources; specific provisions have been made in eight aspects concerning officials and professionals coming to support Xinjiang’s development, such as the scope and form of management authority, selection and rotation; a policy has been adopted to grant a two-year income tax exemption and three-year half pay for Xinjiang’s enterprises listed in the “Catalog of Industries and Enterprises Enjoying Income Tax Preferences and Whose Development in Areas with Difficulties of Xinjiang (Trial)”; a policy covering 10 aspects of support to the two economic development zones in Kashi and Khorgos has been adopted; and differentiated industrial policies have been implemented for Xinjiang’s 12 main industries.
2010－2014年国家对新疆的财政补助达到10616.5亿元，为1955－2009年国家对新疆各项财政补助6301.5亿元的1.68倍。截至2014年底，19个援疆省市共拨付援疆资金536亿元，实施援疆项目4906个，围绕城乡居民住房改善、人才培养、就业、卫生、基层组织建设等实施了一大批民生工程，使老百姓得到“看得到、摸得着”的实惠，大大提高了新疆科、教、文、卫、“三农”等领域的发展水平。依托援疆省市累计引进各类合作项目6482个，到位资金8277亿元。
The state’s financial allowances to Xinjiang in the 2010-2014 period reached RMB 1,061.65 billion, or a 1.68-fold increase over that in the 1955-2009 period, which stood at RMB630.15 billion. By the end of 2014, the 19 provinces and municipalities directly under the central government, which have been involved in the pairing-assistance to Xinjiang, had provided RMB53.6 billion of funds and undertaken 4,906 aid projects in Xinjiang, in addition to even a larger number of so-called livelihood projects in terms of urban and rural housing improvement, personnel training, employment, public health and community organization, bringing tangible benefits to the local people and markedly enhancing the development of science, education, culture and public health as well as improvement of the situation in rural areas. Relying on the 6,482 cooperative projects brought by the provinces and municipalities rendering support to it, Xinjiang had brought in RMB827.7 billion of investment.
2014年5月，第二次中央新疆工作座谈会提出采取特殊的财政、投资、金融、人才等政策，重点支持南疆四地州，进一步促进新疆区域协调发展。
The Second Central Meeting on the Work of Xinjiang held in May 2014 proposed to adopt special policies in finance, investment, banking and personnel to mainly support the four prefectures in southern Xinjiang so as to further promote the coordinated development of different areas in Xinjiang.
结束语
Conclusion
60年沧桑巨变，一甲子春华秋实。
Tremendous changes have taken place in Xinjiang over the past 60 years.
60年来，在中国共产党和中央政府的坚强领导下，在全国人民的大力支持下，新疆各族人民坚持走中国特色社会主义道路，坚持各民族平等团结发展，坚持实行民族区域自治制度，天山南北发生了翻天覆地的变化。实践充分证明，坚持国家集中统一与民族区域自治相结合，民族因素与区域因素相结合，完全符合中国国情和新疆实际，是确保新疆各民族平等相待、和睦相处、和谐发展的基本前提和重要保障。
Under the firm leadership of the CPC and the central government, and with the generous support of the whole nation, the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang have unswervingly followed the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, pursued ethnic equality, unity and development, practiced the system of ethnic regional autonomy, and brought about enormous changes in all areas north and south of the Tianshan Mountains. Experience has proved that the combination of centralized national leadership with ethnic regional autonomy, and the combination of ethnic factors with regional ones fully accord with the prevailing situation in China and with the realities and needs of Xinjiang. It is the basic premise behind the drive for equality, harmonious co-existence and development of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, and serves as an important guarantee that these goals will be realized.
当前，新疆的发展已经站在了一个新的历史起点上。作为“丝绸之路经济带”核心区的新疆，是中国向西开放的重要窗口，是连接亚欧大陆重要的交通枢纽、商贸物流、金融、文化科教和医疗服务中心。第二次中央新疆工作座谈会提出“依法治疆、团结稳疆、长期建疆”的治疆方略。新疆各族人民正在抓住难得的历史机遇，团结奋斗，再创辉煌。
Today, Xinjiang is standing at a new starting point for development. As a key region on the Silk Road Economic Belt, it functions as a major window on China’s opening to the west. It is a transportation hub that links the continents of Asia and Europe, and a center of business and trade, finance, cultural and scientific exchange, and medical services. The Second Central Meeting on the Work of Xinjiang formulated the strategy of “governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, stabilizing Xinjiang with unity, and building Xinjiang with a long-term goal.” The people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang will seize this precious opportunity to unite their efforts in pursuit of further historic achievements.
凝聚各民族力量，建设美丽新疆，实现中国梦，是包括新疆各族人民在内的全体中国人民的共同愿望和心声。新疆的明天一定会更加美好！
To build a beautiful Xinjiang with efforts of all ethnic groups and realize the Chinese Dream is the common aspiration of the whole nation, including all the peoples of Xinjiang. A brighter future beckons.
