四、改善民生造福各族人民
IV. Improving Standards of Living for All文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
自治区成立后，尤其是改革开放以来，经济社会全面发展，新疆各族人民充分享受到改革发展的成果。2010年以来，新疆持续加大民生建设和投入力度，连续6个“民生建设年”累计实施重点民生工程项目500余项，民生支出占年公共财政预算支出70%以上，成为各族群众得实惠最多、物质文化生活水平提高最快的时期。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
Since the founding of the autonomous region, and especially since the launch of the reform and opening-up drive, Xinjiang has enjoyed overall economic and social development, and people of the various ethnic groups in the autonomous region have all benefitted from the fruits of the reform and development. Since 2010, Xinjiang has stepped up efforts and input in improving the people’s living standards, undertaking over 500 key projects in this regard over the past six consecutive “people’s livelihood years,” with the expenditure on improving the people’s livelihood accounting for over 70 percent of the region’s yearly total public spending. This has made these six years a period in which the people are benefitted the most and see the greatest improvement in their material well-being and cultural life.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
就业渠道不断拓宽。2014年新疆城镇登记失业率为3.2%。2010－2014年，新增城镇就业249.7万人，年均增长50万人。2010年，新疆建立就业困难人员和零就业家庭就业动态登记制度，截至2014年，帮助2.9万名零就业家庭成员实现就业，累计消除零就业家庭2.6万户。2010－2014年，解决30.3万名高校毕业生就业，高校毕业生就业率和少数民族高校毕业生就业率分别达88.6%和82.7%。2011年5月，基本解决2009年底前实名登记的7.5万名未就业大中专毕业生就业问题，其中少数民族毕业生占84.6%。农业富余劳动力转移就业从2009年166万人（次）增加到2014年285万人（次），转移就业获得工资性收入和劳务收入累计566亿元。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
Employment channels are constantly expanding. In 2014, the registered urban unemployment rate of Xinjiang was 3.2 percent. From 2010 to 2014, 2.5 million new urban jobs were created, averaging a yearly growth of 500,000. In 2010, Xinjiang established a registration system for people with difficulties in finding work and for families of which no member was gainfully employed. By 2014, under this system Xinjiang had helped 29,000 members of these “zero-employment” families find jobs, cutting the number of zero-employment families by 26,000. From 2010 to 2014, Xinjiang provided jobs to 303,000 university graduates, with the employment rates of university graduates and university graduates of ethnic minority origins reaching 88.6 and 82.7 percent, respectively. By May 2011, it had virtually resolved the employment problems of 75,000 unemployed graduates of junior colleges and technical secondary schools who had registered before the end of 2009, of whom 84.6 percent came from ethnic minority groups. Some 1.66 million job opportunities were created for rural surplus labor in 2009. This figure increased to 2.85 million in 2014. During this five-year period, the relevant wage bill totaled RMB56.6 billion.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8262.html
人民生活持续改善。2014年，城镇居民人均可支配收入21881元，是1980年的51.2倍，年均增长12.3%，比2009年增加9624元；农村居民人均纯收入8114元，是1980年的40.4倍，年均增长11.5%，比2009年增加4231元。城镇和农村居民恩格尔系数持续下降，分别从2009年的36.3%、41.5%下降到2014年的31.3%、34.5%。
The life of the people has kept improving. In 2014, the per-capita disposable income of urban residents averaged RMB 21,881, an increase of 51.2 fold over that of 1980, representing an average annual growth of 12.3 percent. This also represented an increase of more than RMB 9,624 over that of 2009. The per-capita net income of rural residents was RMB 8,114, increasing by 41.4 fold as compared with that of 1980, averaging an annual growth of 11.5 percent. This was an increase of more than RMB 4,231 as compared with 2009. The Engel coefficient of urban and rural residents continued to decline, from 36.3 percent and 41.5 percent respectively in 2009 to 31.3 percent and 34.5 percent in 2014.
城乡居住条件不断改善。2004年启动实施抗震安居工程，2010年以来启动安居富民、定居兴牧和城镇保障性安居工程建设，到2014年累计超过480万农牧民和207万城镇中低收入居民喜迁新居，城乡居民户均拥有住房面积分别达到85平方米和105平方米。100%的城镇和72%的农村住户有供暖设施，城镇供水普及率达96.3%，污水集中处理率达78.6%，生活垃圾无害化处理率达63%。城镇建成区绿化覆盖率34.9%，人均公园绿地面积10.7平方米。实施农村环境连片整治项目和农村环境综合整治示范工程，使200多万农牧民逐步享受到干净、整洁的村容环境。
Living conditions of both urban and rural residents have continued to improve. In 2004, Xinjiang started an earthquake-resistant and comfortable housing project; and since 2010, it has launched projects of offering comfortable housing and enriching the people, settlement of herdsmen for developing animal husbandry, and urban affordable housing. By 2014, more than 4.8 million farmers and herdsmen and 2.07 million middle- and low-income urban residents had moved into new homes. The average flood space for an urban household was 85 sq m, and that of a rural household was 105 sq m. All urban households and 72 percent of rural households have been provided with facilities for heating. In urban areas, the water supply covered 96.3 percent of the population, and the centralized sewage treatment rate reached 78.6 percent. Sixty-three percent of domestic garbage underwent hazard-free treatment. In built-up urban areas, the green coverage rate was 34.9 percent, and per-capita green park area was 10.7 sq m. Projects to improve the communal environment in rural areas and demonstration projects of comprehensive improvement of rural environment were launched, gradually bringing about a clean and neat village environment for more than 2 million farmers and herdsmen.
教育事业不断发展。2010年以来，教育事业发展进入新的快速发展时期，近5年教育经费支出超过2500亿元，2014年教育支出占GDP比重提高到6.47%。全疆有各级各类学校9230所，在校学生473.48万人，专任教师33.82万人。2010－2014年，学前三年入园率由51%提高到72.4%；初中毕业生升高中比例由74%提高到91%，高中阶段毛入学率由67%提高到84%；高考录取率由64%提高到79%，高等教育毛入学率由22%提高到31%，与全国同步进入高等教育大众化阶段。职业教育体系基本形成，有中等职业技术学校176所，在校学生21.95万人。
Continuous development has been seen in education. Since 2010, education in the region has ushered in a new period of rapid development. Over the past five years, education expenditure has exceeded RMB250 billion. In 2014, the proportion of education expenditure in the GDP increased to 6.47 percent. Xinjiang has 9,230 schools of various types and at all levels, with 4,734,800 students and 338,200 full-time teachers. From 2010 to 2014, the three-year kindergarten enrollment rate grew from 51 percent to 72.4 percent; the proportion of junior high school graduates getting enrolled into high schools increased from 74 percent to 91 percent, while the gross high school enrollment increased from 67 percent to 84 percent. The university and college admission rate grew from 64 percent to 79 percent, and the gross enrollment rate of higher education increased from 22 percent to 31 percent. This brought Xinjiang to a level of higher education take-up similar to the rest of the country. A full system of vocational education was in place, with 176 secondary vocational and technical schools providing for 219,500 students.
双语教育全面发展。20世纪50年代起，新疆逐步为少数民族学生开设汉语课程，积极稳妥推进双语教育。2014年，全区学前到高中阶段接受双语教育的学生达269.4万人，各种模式双语教育覆盖面达100%。2010－2014年，学前两年双语教育普及率由59%提高到89%。实践证明，双语教育进一步密切了各民族之间的关系，提高了少数民族人口的就业能力。
Bilingual education has undergone full development. As of the 1950s, ethnic minority students have gradually been offered bilingual courses, thus ensuing steady development in this regard. In 2014, a total of 269,400 Xinjiang students – from pre-school to high school – were receiving bilingual education, and the coverage of bilingual education in various forms reached 100 percent. From 2010 to 2014, the take-up of two-year pre-school bilingual education grew from 59 percent to 89 percent. Practice has proved that bilingual education has further promoted relations among different ethnic groups, in addition to improving the employability of the ethnic minorities.
逐步完善教育保障机制。与全国同步实行农村中小学“两免一补”政策，免除城市中小学学杂费，实现义务教育全免费。在南疆普通高中和中等职业学校实行“三免一补”资助政策，南疆四地州实现14年免费教育。实施覆盖36个县及内初班所有学生的农村义务教育学生营养改善计划。建立完善从学前教育至高等教育的学生资助体系，资助范围扩大至海外新疆籍自费留学生，各族学生公平受教育的权利得到切实保障。
The mechanism for guaranteeing education has improved. In tandem with the rest of China, Xinjiang has implemented the policy of “two exemptions and one subsidy” – exemption from miscellaneous fees and textbook fees, and subsidized living expenses for resident students, and abolishing tuition and miscellaneous fees for urban primary and middle schools and realizing free compulsory education. The policy of “three exemptions and one subsidy” has been implemented for high schools and secondary vocational schools in the four prefectures of southern Xinjiang, i.e., exemption from tuition, textbook and boarding fees, and subsidized living expenses for resident students, in order to realize 14-year free education there. A nutrition improvement program has also been implemented for all rural students undertaking compulsory education, covering 36 counties and all junior high school classes specially set up in some cities in Xinjiang for minority students from remote impoverished areas. A system for subsidizing students from pre-school to higher education has been established, and its coverage even extends to students from Xinjiang studying overseas at their own expense, ensuring that students from all ethnic groups enjoy equal access to education.
卫生事业稳步发展。经过60年的发展，卫生资源总量持续增长，卫生服务体系不断健全。2010年以来，卫生事业作为重要的民生保障目标，投入不断加大。2014年，有各级各类医疗卫生机构18873所、卫生技术人员153417人；每千人拥有医疗卫生机构床位数6.22张、执业（助理）医师2.38人、注册护士2.60人，均高于全国平均水平。重大传染病、地方病得到有效控制。突发事件卫生应急处置能力显著提升。人口主要健康指标显著改善。2010－2014年，婴儿死亡率从26.58 下降到21.65 ，孕产妇死亡率从43.41/10万下降到39.27/10万，人均预期寿命达到72.35岁。
Public health has been improved steadily. Through 60 years of development, total healthcare resources continue to expand, while the health service system continues to improve. As a major indicator of people’s livelihood, since 2010, financial input in healthcare has kept growing. In 2014, Xinjiang boasted 18,873 medical and health institutions at various levels and of various types, manned by 153,417 health professionals. In the region, every 1,000 people averaged 6.22 hospital beds, 2.38 licensed (assistant) doctors and 2.60 registered nurses, a level higher than the national average. The health emergency response capacity has been significantly enhanced, and major epidemic and endemic diseases have been brought under effective control. Key health indicators have improved remarkably. From 2010 to 2014, the infant mortality rate fell from 2.66 to 2.16 per thousand, the maternal mortality rate went down from 43.41 to 39.27 per 100,000, and average life expectancy reached 72.35 years.
社会保障水平逐步提高。2011年，新疆在全国率先建立统筹城乡、覆盖全民的基本养老保险和基本医疗保险制度，实现人人享有基本社会保障。新型农牧区合作医疗保险参保率99.69%。新型农村社会养老保险参保率98.5%。失业、工伤和生育保险制度对职业人群全覆盖。2014年，各项社会保险参保总人次达到3348万人次，比2009年增加1073万人次，增长47%，各项社会保险覆盖率均达到90%以上，基本实现应保尽保。连续10年调整企业退休人员基本养老金，月人均基本养老金由2009年的1338元提高到2014年的2298元，增幅位居全国前列。连续4年提高失业保险待遇水平，2014年月人均领取失业保险金761元。城镇居民医疗保险财政补助人均年标准由2009年的120元提高到2014年的330元，比全国平均水平高10元。
There has been a steady improvement in the provision of social security. In 2011, Xinjiang led the country in establishing systems of basic old-age insurance and basic medical insurance that gave overall consideration to both urban and rural areas and cover all the local population, providing everyone access to basic social security. The coverage of the new cooperative medical system for agricultural and pastoral areas was 99.7 percent. The coverage of the new rural social pension insurance reached 98.5 percent. Unemployment, work-related injury and maternity insurance systems have been extended to cover all occupational groups. In 2014, there were 33.5 million registrations in Xinjiang’s various social insurance schemes, an increase of 10.73 million or 47 percent over 2009. The coverage of these insurance schemes exceeded 90 percent, essentially ensuring that all those in need of insurance are provided for.
For 10 consecutive years, Xinjiang has adjusted the basic pension for enterprise retirees, increasing the basic monthly pension from an average of RMB 1,338 in 2009 up to RMB 2,298 in 2014, a level of increase that tops the whole country. For four consecutive years, the unemployment insurance benefits have been increased, with the per-capita average monthly unemployment insurance reaching RMB761 in 2014. The annual per-capita government subsidy for urban residents’ medical insurance was raised from RMB120 in 2009 to RMB330 in 2014, RMB10 higher than the national average.
社会救助不断加强。最低生活保障等生活救助制度全面建立。生活救助托底保障作用日益明显。最低生活保障制度覆盖城乡，实现“应保尽保”。2009－2014年，城镇和农村居民最低生活保障人均月补助水平分别从176元和68元，提高到329元和129元，各类优抚对象抚恤补助水平增长1倍。农村五保供养标准从集中供养3036元/年、分散供养2280元/年，分别提高到集中供养6750元/年、分散供养4301元/年。2014年，有养老机构1726家，床位52183张，每千名老人拥有床位20.6张。80岁以上老人享受基本生活津贴和免费体检。福利机构供养孤儿最低基本生活费由2009年360元/月提高到2014年900元/月。
Social assistance has continued to strengthen. Subsistence allowances and other life assistance systems have been established. Life assistance plays an increasingly important role in underpinning security. The system of subsistence allowances covers both urban and rural areas, again ensuring that all of those in need of insurance are provided for. From 2009 to 2014, the monthly subsistence allowance for urban residents increased from RMB 176 per capita to RMB 329 per capita, while that of rural residents rose from RMB 68 to RMB 129. Subsidies for disabled servicemen and family members of revolutionary martyrs and servicemen doubled. For rural households enjoying the “five guarantees” (proper food, clothing, medical care, housing and funeral/educational expenses), subsidies for those living in nursing homes increased from RMB 3,036 to RMB 6,750 per year, and that for those living at home grew from RMB 2,280 to RMB 4,301 per year. In 2014, there were 1,726 old people’s homes, with a total of 52,183 beds, averaging 20.6 beds per thousand elderly people. People over the age 80 now enjoy a basic living allowance and free medical check-up. The minimum basic living expenses for orphans supported by welfare institutions grew from RMB 360 per month in 2009 to RMB 900 per month in 2014.
扶贫开发成效显著。20世纪90年代，国家实施“八七扶贫攻坚计划”，期间新疆解决了132万贫困人口的温饱问题。2001－2010年，新疆解决了284万人的温饱问题，进入巩固温饱、发展致富的新阶段。2011－2014年，针对南疆三地州（和田、喀什、克州）、边境地区、贫困山区实施区域发展与扶贫攻坚。4年间，仅财政专项扶贫资金投入就达到100.8亿元，执行扶贫项目1.2万个，面向贫困人口开展扶贫培训77.5万人次，在1902个贫困村实施整村推进扶贫规划，减少贫困人口139万人，贫困地区农牧民生产生活条件显著改善。
Remarkable results have been achieved in poverty alleviation. In the 1990s, the state launched the Seven-Year Poverty Alleviation Program (to lift 80 million people out of poverty), during which Xinjiang had managed to solve the problem of providing food and clothing for 1.32 million impoverished people. From 2001 to 2010, Xinjiang solved the problem of shortages of food and clothing for 2.84 million people, thus entering a new stage of consolidation and development in this regard. From 2011 to 2014, Xinjiang carried out policies of regional development and priority poverty alleviation in the three prefectures of southern Xinjiang (Hotan, Kashi and Kizilsu), and in border areas and poor mountainous areas. Over these four years, special funds allocated for poverty relief totaled RMB10.1 billion, 12,000 poverty alleviation projects were implemented, poverty alleviation training was provided to 775,000 recipients, and poverty reduction programs were carried out in 1,902 poverty-stricken villages. Thanks to these efforts, Xinjiang’s poverty-stricken population was reduced by 1.39 million, and marked improvement has been seen in the work and living conditions of farmers and herdsmen in the poverty-stricken areas.
