一、公民权利和政治权利有名无实
I. Civil and Political Rights in Name Only 文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8945.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8945.html
美国自我标榜为“自由的乐土”和“民主的灯塔”，但这不过是愚弄民众、欺骗世界的虚构幻境。缺乏约束的持枪自由导致枪支暴力泛滥，对公民的生命、人身、财产安全构成了严重威胁；愈演愈烈的金钱政治扭曲民意，使所谓的民主选举沦为了富人的游戏。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8945.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8945.html
The United States flaunts itself as “the land of freedom” and a “beacon of democracy,” which, however, is just something imaginary that fools the people and the world. The lack of restraint in the right to hold guns has led to rampant gun violence, posing a serious threat to citizens’ life and property safety. Worsening money politics distorts public opinion and makes the so-called democratic election a game for the rich.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8945.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8945.html
政治裹挟下枪支泛滥成灾。美国的枪支制造、买卖和使用是一个巨大的产业链，形成了庞大的利益集团。全国步枪协会等利益集团为总统选举和国会选举提供大量的政治捐款。美国党派政治、选票政治、金钱政治的诸多弊端相互交织，使得立法和行政机构难以在枪支管控问题上有所作为，任由事态持续恶化。美国在线媒体2019年12月11日报道，美国是世界上私人拥有枪支数量最多的国家，枪支数量远远超过人口总数，2017年平均每百名居民拥有120.5支枪。美国进步中心网站2019年11月20日报道，2008年至2017年，美国至少有342439人被枪击致死，这意味着每15分钟就有一人被枪杀。2019年美国共有39052人死于与枪支有关的暴力事件。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8945.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8945.html
Politics has led to a proliferation of guns. The manufacture, sale and use of guns in the United States is a huge industrial chain, forming a huge interest group. Interest groups such as the National Rifle Association made large political donations for presidential and congressional elections. The intertwined drawbacks of party politics, election politics and money politics make it difficult for the legislative and executive authorities to do anything about gun control, only allowing the situation to deteriorate. According to an U.S. online media report dated Dec. 11, 2019, the United States has far more guns than any other country and in 2017 the estimated number of civilian-owned firearms in the United States was 120.5 guns per 100 residents, meaning there were more firearms than people. A Nov. 20, 2019 report on the website of the Center for American Progress said that a person is killed with a gun in the United States every 15 minutes, citing figures on shooting deaths from 2008 through 2017. In total 39,052 people died from gun related violence in the United States in 2019.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8945.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/8945.html
大规模枪击事件接连发生。美国是世界上枪支暴力最严重的国家，频繁发生的大规模枪击事件已成为美国的标志性特征。英国《镜报》网站2019年12月30日报道，根据“枪支暴力档案室”的数据，2019年美国共发生415起大规模枪击事件，平均每天超过一起，达到自2014年统计该数据以来的历史新高。相比之下，2014年美国共发生大规模枪击事件269起，2015年为335起，2016年为382起，2017年为346起，2018年为337起。2019年美国发生的最严重三起枪击案件为：造成22人死亡的得克萨斯州埃尔帕索市沃尔玛枪击案、造成12人死亡的弗吉尼亚海滩市枪击案、造成9人死亡的俄亥俄州代顿市枪击案。《今日美国报》评论称，“美国或已步入大规模枪击时代”。
Mass shootings occurred one after another. The United States is a country with the worst gun violence in the world. Frequent mass shootings have become a defining feature of the United States. Citing figures from the Gun Violence Archive (GVA) , the online edition of The Mirror reported on Dec. 30, 2019 that the number of mass killings in the United States hit a record high of 415 in 2019, with more than one happening for every day of the year. That compares with 337 in 2018; 346 in 2017; 382 in 2016; 335 in 2015 and 269 in 2014, the first year the GVA kept records. The three worst U.S. shootings of 2019 took place in El Paso, Texas, Virginia Beach, and Dayton, Ohio, which killed 22, 12 and nine people, respectively. “This seems to be the age of mass shootings,” commented USA Today in an online report.
暴力犯罪数量惊人。联邦调查局2019年发布的《2018年美国犯罪报告》显示，2018年美国共发生1206836起暴力犯罪案件。其中，谋杀案为16214起，强奸案为139380起，抢劫案为282061起，重伤案为807410起。美国司法统计局2019年发布的《全国犯罪受害调查报告》显示，2018年美国共有330万名12岁以上居民遭受暴力犯罪侵害，这一数据已连续三年增加。
Violent crimes number is alarming. The “Crime in the United States, 2018” report released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2019 showed that in 2018, an estimated 1,206,836 violent crimes occurred nationwide, including 16,214 murders, 139,380 rapes, 282,061 robberies, and 807,410 aggravated assaults. The “Criminal Victimization, 2018” report released by the Bureau of Justice Statistics in 2019 showed that the number of violent-crime victims aged 12 or older in the United States was 3.3 million in 2018, rising for three consecutive years.
民众财产安全堪忧。联邦调查局2019年发布的《2018年美国犯罪报告》显示，2018年美国共发生7196045起财产犯罪案件，平均每10万居民发生2199.5起，财产犯罪受害者共蒙受164亿美元损失。其中，车辆失窃案件748841起，平均每10万居民发生229起，被盗车辆价值超过60亿美元；入室盗窃案件1230149起，造成财产损失约34亿美元，平均每起损失2799美元。
People’s property safety is at risk. The “Crime in the United States, 2018” report released by the FBI showed that in 2018 there were an estimated 7,196,045 property crime offenses in the nation, with a rate of property crime estimated at 2,199.5 per 100,000 inhabitants. Property crimes in 2018 resulted in losses estimated at 16.4 billion U.S. dollars. Among the property crimes were an estimated 748,841 thefts of motor vehicles and 1,230,149 burglaries. The estimated rate of motor vehicle thefts was 229 per 100,000 inhabitants. Vehicles stolen were worth an estimated total of more than 6 billion U.S. dollars. Victims of burglary offenses suffered an estimated 3.4 billion U.S. dollars in property losses. The average dollar loss per burglary offense was 2,799 dollars.
警方办案不力导致民众失去信心。联邦调查局“全国犯罪案件报告系统”的数据显示，2018年美国共报告了近660万起刑事犯罪，涉及近700万名受害者。皮尤研究中心网站2019年10月17日报道，联邦调查局的数据显示，2018年美国暴力犯罪结案率仅为45.5%，财产犯罪结案率仅为17.6%。很多受害者觉得警方无能，“不会或无法提供帮助”，只得放弃报案。2018年，司法统计局追踪的暴力犯罪案件中，警方接到报案的只有43%，财产犯罪案件中警方接到报案的只有34%。
Poor handling of cases by the police resulted in the loss of public confidence. Incidents reported to the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) of the FBI in 2018 involved nearly 6.6 million criminal offenses and nearly 7 million victims. The website of Pew Research Center reported on Oct. 17, 2019 that in the United States in 2018, 45.5 percent of violent crimes and 17.6 percent of property crimes were cleared, citing FBI figures. Many victims did not report a crime out of a feeling that police “would not or could not do anything to help.” In 2018, only 43 percent of violent crimes and 34 percent of property crimes tracked by the Bureau of Justice Statistics were reported to police.
公民人格尊严和隐私权遭受系统性侵犯。《达拉斯晨报》网站2019年12月6日报道，美国联邦、州和地方执法部门仅在得克萨斯州就设有8个秘密监视中心，共享情报监控社交媒体和其他在线论坛。早在10年前这些监控中心上线时，美国公民自由联盟就对其侵犯公民隐私发出警告，称其权限模糊、过度保密，使得“建立一个全面监控社会”的威胁变成现实。美国审计署2019年6月4日的报告显示，联邦调查局的人脸识别办公室可以在无合法许可的情况下，任意检索包含超过6.41亿张照片的数据库。乔治城大学公布的一项研究显示，约一半美国成年人——超过1.17亿人，被纳入在执法机构使用的人脸识别系统中，其中非洲裔比其他族裔更容易受到审查。
Citizens’ personal dignity and privacy are systematically violated. According to a Dec. 6, 2019 report on the website of the Dallas Morning News, Texas is home to eight secretive surveillance centers, which, supported jointly by federal, state and local law enforcement departments, are created for the purpose of better sharing intelligence and better monitoring and analyzing social media and other online forums. A decade ago, when fusion centers were coming online, the American Civil Liberties Union issued a warning that the centers had ambiguous lines of authority and excessive secrecy. The threat, it stated, for “the creation of a total surveillance society,” is real. According to an U.S. Government Accountability Office report released on June 4, 2019, the FBI’s face recognition office can now search databases with more than 641 million photos. Half of U.S. adults – more than 117 million people – are in a law enforcement face recognition network, according to a Georgetown University study report, which raises serious questions about privacy and civil liberties violations, particularly for African Americans.
监狱管理混乱导致虐囚丑闻频发。美国司法部网站2019年4月3日报道，阿拉巴马州男子监狱无法保护犯人免受囚犯之间的暴力和性侵，导致囚犯受到严重伤害甚至致死。英国《太阳报》网站2019年12月10日报道，14名女性囚犯对美国科尔曼联邦监狱提起诉讼，指控该监狱持续存在对囚犯的系统性虐待。2011年至2015年，美国监狱的性侵犯和性骚扰指控激增了180%。单独囚禁是联合国认定的一种酷刑，会对囚犯的精神、身体和情绪造成严重伤害，甚至可能导致死亡。英国《卫报》网站2019年9月4日报道，2017年的一项调查显示，美国每天都有约6.1万名囚犯被单独囚禁。
Prison management disorders resulted in frequent abuse scandals. A report carried by the website of the Department of Justice on April 3, 2019 said Alabama’s prisons for men fail to protect prisoners from prisoner-on-prisoner violence and sexual abuse and that prisoners experience serious harm, including deadly harm, as a result. The website of the Sun reported on Dec. 10, 2019 that 14 women are suing the Coleman Federal Correctional Complex in the United States over systemic abuse they claim to have endured at the prison. Allegations of sexual assault and harassment behind bars in the United States skyrocketed 180 percent from 2011 to 2015. Solitary confinement, which according to the United Nations is a torturous practice, causes severe mental and physical pain or suffering and may even lead to death. A 2017 survey of state prisons estimated around 61,000 prisoners are held in solitary confinement in the United States on any given day, according to a Sept. 4, 2019 report on the website of the Guardian.
政治选举沦为金钱游戏。美国有线电视新闻网2019年2月7日报道，2018年美国中期选举的支出高达57亿美元，甚至超过了2008年总统选举花费的53亿美元，成为有史以来最昂贵的国会选举。其中，佛罗里达州联邦参议员竞选耗资最为庞大，共花费2.09亿美元，最终胜选的共和党候选人里克·斯科特在竞选中投入了6300多万美元的个人财产。《时代周刊》网站2019年8月14日报道，在2018年的中期选举中，10个最大的个人捐助者向超级政治行动委员会注资4.36亿美元。富有的特殊利益集团获得前所未有的政治影响力，金钱支配了政治进程，“扭曲了真实民意，侵蚀了民主基石”。
Political elections were reduced to money games. CNN reported on Feb. 7, 2019 that spending in the 2018 elections for Congress topped 5.7 billion U.S. dollars, shooting past the 5.3 billion U.S. dollars spent during the then-recording breaking 2008 presidential election and making the battle for control of the House and Senate the most expensive midterm ever. The Florida U.S. Senate race was the most expensive contest of the midterms, with the spending topping 209 million U.S. dollars. The winning candidate Republican Rick Scott poured more than 63 million U.S. dollars of his personal fortune into the contest. In 2018, the 10 largest individual donors funneled more than 436 million U.S. dollars to Super PACs (political action committees) in the most expensive midterm elections ever, according to a report dated Aug. 14, 2019 on the website of the Time magazine. Big money in politics has overwhelmed the political process, granting wealthy special interests more power now than at any time in recent American history, “distorting the voices of everyday citizens and putting the foundation of our democracy at risk.”
2020年总统选举筹资竞赛日趋狂热。美国联邦选举委员会网站2019年12月29日公布的数据显示，2020年总统选举的所有参选人已筹集超过10.8亿美元竞选资金，已花费5.31亿美元。《赫芬顿邮报》网站2019年11月30日报道，民主党参选人迈克尔·布隆伯格在宣布竞选的第一周便投入4000多万美元开展广告宣传。政治响应中心2019年11月24日发布的报告显示，所有总统参选人仅在数字广告上的支出就已超过1亿美元。
The race to raise money for the 2020 presidential election is heating up. According to data released on Dec. 29, 2019 on the website of the Federal Election Commission, candidates have raised more than 1.08 billion U.S. dollars for the 2020 presidential election and spent 531 million U.S. dollars. In his first week as a Democratic U.S. presidential candidate, Michael Bloomberg launched a 40-plus million U.S. dollar advertising campaign, according to a HuffPost report dated Nov. 30, 2019. Presidential candidates have spent more than 100 million U.S. dollars on digital ads, noted a report released by the Center for Responsive Politics on Nov. 24, 2019.
自我标榜的“新闻自由”有名无实。《华盛顿邮报》网站2019年4月18日报道，美国在年度新闻自由指数中的排名连续三年下降。“美国新闻自由追踪系统”网站2019年12月29日公布的数据显示，2019年美国共有38名记者遭到袭击，发生记者被拒绝参加公开政府活动的事件28起，9名记者被捕或面临刑事指控。自2017年以来，至少有54名记者被传唤或被没收采访记录，36名记者在报道抗议活动时被捕。英国《卫报》网站2019年12月12日报道指出，本届美国政府“对新闻自由进行了有史以来最持久的攻击”。
America’s self-touted “freedom of the press” is in name only. For the third time in three years, the United States’ standing in an annual index of press freedom declined, said a report released on the website of the Washington Post on April, 18, 2019. Data released by the website of the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker on Dec. 29, 2019 showed that in 2019 in the United States there were 38 journalists who were attacked, 28 incidents in which journalists were denied access to government events, nine journalists who were arrested or faced with criminal charges. Since 2017, at least 54 journalists have been subpoenaed or had their records seized and 36 journalists have been arrested while covering protests in the United States. The current U.S. Administration is “mounting the most direct attack on press freedom in American history,” according to a report dated Dec. 12, 2019 on the website of the Guardian.
示威民众因抗议政府政策而遭逮捕。美国有线电视新闻网2019年8月11日报道，自从美国政府2018年实施“零容忍”移民政策后，呼吁关闭移民及海关执法局的呼声此起彼伏，约100名抗议者在纽约市被逮捕。《休斯顿纪事报》网站2019年9月12日报道，美国绿色和平组织的抗议者当日在休斯敦举行示威活动，至少15名抗议者被捕。《迈阿密先驱报》网站2019年11月29日报道，迈阿密近40位气候变化倡议者当日举行抗议活动，要求政府采取措施应对气候变化，1人被捕。
Demonstrators were arrested for protesting against government policies. Calls for the closure of the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) have intensified since the U.S. Government in 2018 implemented its “zero tolerance” policy on immigration. About 100 protesters demanding an end to the ICE were arrested in New York City, according to a CNN report on Aug. 11, 2019. At least 15 protesters were arrested in a demonstration organized by Greenpeace USA on Sept. 12, 2019, said a report on the website of Houston Chronicle. Nearly 40 protesters attended a planned protest in Miami on Nov. 29, 2019 for government action on climate change and one protester was arrested, according to a report on the website of Miami Herald.
