八、防控知识
Part Eight Knowledge About COVID-19 Prevention and Control文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
1．正确使用口罩文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
口罩是预防呼吸道传染病的重要防线，可以降低新冠病毒感染风险。口罩不仅可以防止病人喷射飞沫，降低飞沫量和喷射速度，还可阻挡含病毒的飞沫核，防止佩戴者吸入。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
新冠肺炎疫情发生以来，口罩在疫情防控中起着重要作用。2020年1月30日，国家卫生健康委印发《预防新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎口罩使用指南》。2月5日，国务院应对新冠肺炎疫情联防联控机制印发《预防新型冠状病毒感染口罩选择与使用技术指引》。3月17日，根据疫情防控形势向好和复工复产需要，联防联控机制修订形成《公众科学戴口罩指引》，从普通公众、特定场所人员、职业暴露人员以及重点人员进行分类，并对不同场景下戴口罩提出科学指引的建议。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
口罩佩戴的基本原则是科学合理佩戴、规范使用、有效防护。根据相关指南、指引建议，在非疫区空旷且通风场所不需要佩戴口罩，进入人员密集或密闭公共场所需要佩戴口罩。在疫情高发地区空旷且通风场所建议佩戴一次性使用医用口罩；进入人员密集或密闭公共场所，佩戴医用外科口罩或颗粒物防护口罩。特殊人群如可能接触疑似或确诊病例的高危人群，建议佩戴医用防护口罩（N95及以上级别）并佩戴护目镜。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
佩戴医用外科口罩时，鼻夹侧朝上，深色面朝外，上下拉开褶皱，使口罩覆盖口、鼻及下颌；按捏鼻夹，使之贴紧鼻梁，防止侧漏。佩戴口罩前按规程洗手，佩戴时避免接触口罩内侧。口罩佩戴2-4小时更换一次，如口罩脏污、变形、损坏、有异味时也要及时更换。口罩摘下后应将接触口鼻的一面朝里叠好，如需再次使用，可悬挂在洁净、干燥通风处，或将其放置在清洁、透气的纸袋中；如不再使用，应放入固定丢弃处，避免交叉感染。儿童不宜佩戴成人口罩，家长要帮助儿童正确佩戴口罩，并随时关注佩戴情况，年龄极小的婴幼儿不能佩戴口罩，易引起窒息。
1. Using Facemasks Properly
Facemasks are important for preventing infectious respiratory diseases and lowering the risk of COVID-19 infections. Facemasks can prevent patients from spraying droplets, reduce the amount and speed of droplets, and protect the wearers from inhaling droplet nucleus of the virus.
Facemasks have been effective in preventing and controlling COVID-19. On January 30, the NHC published a Guide on Facemask Usage Against Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneumonia. On February 5, the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council published the Technical Guidelines for Selecting and Using Facemasks Against Novel Coronavirus Infection.
On March 17, in response to work resumption as the disease prevention and control improved, the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism published a Guide on Proper Usage of Facemasks by the Public, providing advice for wearing facemasks under different conditions for the general public, people at specific areas, people with occupational exposure, and key population groups.
Facemasks should be worn and used properly to ensure effective protection. According to relevant guidance, in areas not affected by the disease, facemasks are unnecessary in open and well-ventilated places, but people should wear facemasks when entering crowded or enclosed public places. In high-risk areas, people should wear disposable medical masks in open and well-ventilated places, and wear surgical masks or respirators of grade N95 when entering crowded or enclosed public places. Special groups who may contact suspected or confirmed cases should wear goggles and respirators of grade N95 or above.
When wearing surgical masks, hold the mask with the nose strip on top and the dark-colored side facing outward, pull the mask over the mouth, nose and chins, and pinch the nose strip to conform to the shape of the nose.
Wash hands according to procedures before wearing a mask and avoid touching the inside of the mask.
Replace the mask every two to four hours, and change the mask when it is dirty, contaminated, distorted, damaged or smelly.
Take off the mask with the side touching the nose and mouth folded inward, hang the mask in clean, dry, ventilated place or put it in a clean and ventilated paper bag for reuse.
Dispose the mask in a specific garbage bin to avoid cross infection.
Children should not wear the facemasks for adults, and parents should help their children wear facemasks properly.
Babies cannot wear facemasks, which can pose suffocation risks.
2．尽量减少外出活动
每个人是自己健康第一责任人。新冠肺炎疫情期间，除了政府和相关部门采取的防控措施外，每位公民做好个人防护，减少不必要的外出、聚集等行为，是对自己和他人健康负责，也是维护公众安全的应尽义务。
根据国家卫生健康委发布的《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案（试行第七版）》，目前所见传染源主要是新型冠状病毒感染的患者。无症状感染者也可能成为传染源。经呼吸道飞沫和密切接触传播是主要的传播途径。人群普遍易感。在备餐和聚餐过程中，人群相互之间都是密切接触者，咳嗽、打喷嚏甚至近距离交谈产生的飞沫，可直接传播给整个聚会人群，极易造成疾病传播，为疾病流行提供有利条件。因此，减少人员出行，避免参加集会、聚会是阻断疫情的重要措施。
加强个人防护，还要减少到公共场所活动，尤其是一些人员密集、空气流动性差的公共场所，如商场、餐厅、影院、车站、机场、码头、展览馆等。这是因为，公共场所人员多、流动量大、人员组成复杂，一旦有病毒携带者，很容易造成人与人之间的传播，进而引发病毒感染和疫情扩散。
2. Minimizing Outings
Everyone is the first person responsible for his/her health. During the outbreak of COVID-19, on top of the prevention and control measures taken by the government and relevant agencies, every citizen should be responsible for their own and others’ health, and fulfil the due diligence to maintain public security by protecting themselves and reducing non-essential outings and gatherings.
According to the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 (Trial Version 7) published by the NHC, patients infected by the novel coronavirus are the main source of infection. Asymptomatic coronavirus carriers are possible source of infection. Major ways of transmission are respiratory droplets and close contact with infected people. All people are vulnerable to COVID-19. While preparing meals or dining together, people are in close contact with each other. Droplets spread by coughing, sneezing and even talking in close distance may directly transmit to the whole group, which can easily spread the disease and facilitate the prevalence of the disease. Therefore, reducing outings and avoiding gatherings and parties are important measures to interrupt the transmission of the disease.
People should strengthen personal protection by reducing visits to public places, especially where is crowded or poorly ventilated, such as shopping malls, restaurants, cinemas, stations, airports, wharves and exhibition centers. These public places are crowded with people from everywhere and have high population mobility, and virus carriers are easy to cause people-to-people transmission, incur virus infections, and spread the disease.
3．保持手卫生
除了外出佩戴口罩，洗手也是预防传染病最简单、最有效的措施之一。日常工作、生活中，人们的手不断接触到被病毒、细菌污染的物品，手上的病原体可以通过手和口、眼、鼻的粘膜接触进入人体。洗手可以简单有效地切断这一传播途径，有效降低感染新冠病毒的风险。
为避免病毒经手传播，应尽量减少接触公共场所的公共物品和部位，同时注意勤洗手。以下情况应及时洗手：外出归来，戴口罩前及摘下口罩后，接触过泪液、鼻涕、痰液和唾液后，咳嗽打喷嚏用手遮挡后，护理患者后，准备食物前，用餐前，如厕后，接触公共设施或物品后（如扶手、门柄、电梯按钮、钱币、快递等物品），接触婴幼儿及哺乳喂食前，处理婴幼儿粪便后，接触动物或处理动物粪便后等。如不确定手是否清洁时，避免用手接触口鼻眼；打喷嚏或咳嗽时，用手肘衣服遮住口鼻。
正确的洗手方法是：使用流动水和肥皂或洗手液洗手，每次洗手应揉搓20秒以上，确保手心、手指、手背、指缝、指甲缝、手腕等处均被清洗干净。不方便用流动水洗手时，可使用含酒精的免洗洗手液。
3. Keeping Hands Clean
Besides wearing facemasks when going out, washing hands is also one of the simplest and most effective ways to prevent infectious disease. In daily work and life, people may touch items contaminated by viruses and bacteria, and pathogens on their hands can get into their bodies through the mucosae of mouth, eyes and nose. Washing hands can easily and effectively interrupt transmission through mucosae and reduce the risk of COVID-19 infections.
To avoid transmission of the virus through hands, people should avoid touching items and facilities at public places and wash hands frequently. They should wash hands under the following conditions:
* before putting on facemasks;
* before preparing and eating food;
* before touching, feeding or breastfeeding babies;
* after coming back from outside;
* after taking off facemasks;
* after touching tears, nasal discharge, sputum and saliva;
* after coughing and sneezing;
* after caring for patients;
* after using the toilet;
* after touching public facilities or items (such as handrails, doorknobs, elevator buttons, coins and express parcels);
* after cleaning baby stools; and
* after touching animals or cleaning their stools.
People should avoid touching mouth, nose and eyes when not sure whether their hands are clean, and sneeze or cough into the elbow.
The right way of hands washing is: Wash the hands with soap or liquid soap and running water, rub the hands for over 20 seconds each time, and make sure the palms, fingers, the back of the hands, nails, and the wrists and all other parts of the hands are cleaned. If running water is not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer instead.
4．健康监测与就医
发热、咳嗽和呼吸困难可能是呼吸道感染或其他严重疾病导致的症状。应密切关注健康状况，如果出现发热、咳嗽等症状，应注意戴口罩等个人防护，及时就近就医。
公民应主动做好个人与家庭成员的健康监测，尽可能减少与有呼吸道疾病症状（如发烧、咳嗽或打喷嚏等）的人密切接触，自觉发热时要主动测量体温。家中有儿童的，可早晚摸试其额头，如有发热及时为其测量体温。
发生以下两种情况时应及时到当地指定医疗机构进行排查诊治：一是出现发热（腋下温度≥37.3℃）、咳嗽、气促等急性呼吸道感染症状；二是有武汉及周边地区，或其他有病例报告社区的旅行史或居住史，或发病前14天内曾接触过来自武汉及周边地区，或其他有病例报告社区的旅行史或居住史的发热伴呼吸道症状的患者，或出现聚集性发病。
前往医院的路上，应佩戴医用外科口罩或N95口罩，尽量避免乘坐公共交通工具，路上打开车窗。在路上和到医院时，尽可能离其他人至少1米距离。就医时，应如实详细讲述患病情况和就医过程，告知医生近期旅行居住史、人员和动物接触史等，配合医生开展相关调查。
4. Health Monitoring and Going to Hospital
Fever, cough and breathing difficulties might be induced by respiratory infections and other severe diseases. People should closely monitor their health conditions, take personal protection measures like wearing facemasks, and go to see a doctor nearby when they display symptoms like fever and coughing.
Citizens should monitor their health and that of their family members, minimize close contact with people who have symptoms of respiratory diseases (such as fever, cough or sneezing), and take temperature when feeling feverish. If there are children at home, parents can touch their foreheads in the morning and evening, and take their temperature in time if they have a fever.
People should go to local designated medical institutions for health check, diagnosis and treatment under the following two circumstances: (1) displaying symptoms of respiratory infections such as fever (with axillary temperature ≥37.3℃), coughing and shortness of breath; or (2) having traveled to or lived in Wuhan or surrounding areas or communities where confirmed cases have been reported, or having contact, within 14 days before feeling ill, with patients who have fever and symptoms of respiratory infections and have traveled to or lived in Wuhan or surrounding areas or communities where confirmed cases have been reported, or having involved in clustered cases.
On the way to see a doctor, people should wear surgical masks or respirators of grade N95, avoid taking public transportation, and open the window of the vehicle they take. They should keep at least 1 meter from others on the way to and after arriving at the hospital. They should tell the doctor in detail about their conditions, their recent travel and residence history, and their contact with people and animals, and cooperate with the doctor in relevant investigations.
5．保持良好卫生和健康习惯
在新冠肺炎疫情期间，做好防护措施的同时，保持良好卫生和健康习惯可以有效降低感染风险。国家卫生健康委在2020年1月27日发布的《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎防控公众预防指南汇编》中介绍了保持良好卫生和健康习惯的主要做法：居室勤开窗，经常通风；家庭成员不共用毛巾，保持家居、餐具清洁，勤晒衣被；不随地吐痰，口鼻分泌物用纸巾包好，弃置于有盖垃圾箱内；注意营养，适度运动；不要接触、购买和食用野生动物（即野味），尽量避免前往售卖活体动物（禽类、海产品、野生动物等）的市场；家庭备置体温计、医用外科口罩或N95口罩、家用消毒用品等物资。
5. Maintaining Good Hygiene and Health Habits
During the outbreak of the COVID-19, while taking good protective measures, maintaining good hygiene and health habits can effectively reduce the risk of infection. On January 27, the NHC released a Guidebook on Public Prevention of Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneumonia, which suggested the following ways to maintain good hygiene and health habits:
* Frequently open the windows of your house for better ventilation;
* Do not share towels with your family members;
* Keep your home and tableware clean;
* Sun-cure your clothes and quilts often;
* Do not spit;
* Wrap your oral and nasal secretion with tissue and throw it in a covered dustbin;
* Balance your nutrition and exercise moderately;
* Do not touch, buy and eat wild animals (gamey), and avoid visiting the market that sells live animals (poultry, seafood and wild animals);
* Have thermometer, surgical or N95 masks, and domestic disinfectants at home.
6．不接触、购买和食用野生动物
野生动物是指所有非经人工饲养而生活于自然环境下的各种动物。许多野生动物带有多种病毒，如果人与之接触，可能将病毒传播给人类。如艾滋病、莱姆病、埃博拉病毒、亨德拉病毒、猴痘、SARS、MERS以及新冠病毒等，都是通过野生动物传播到人类。
中国早在1988年就颁布了《中华人民共和国野生动物保护法》，规定禁止出售、购买、利用国家重点保护野生动物及其制品，禁止生产、经营使用国家重点保护野生动物及其制品制作的食品，或者使用没有合法来源证明的非国家重点保护野生动物及其制品制作的食品。
新冠肺炎疫情发生以来，滥食野生动物的突出问题及其对公共卫生安全构成的巨大隐患，引起社会广泛关注。2020年2月24日，第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十六次全体会议通过全面禁止非法野生动物交易、革除滥食野生动物陋习、切实保障人民群众生命安全的决定，为维护公共卫生安全和生态安全，保障人民群众生命健康安全提供有力的立法保障。为了人类健康，个人不要接触、捕猎、贩卖、购买、加工、食用野生动物。
6. No Touching, Buying and Eating of Wild Animals.
Wild animals refer to all kinds of animals that live in a natural environment without artificial rearing. Many wild animals carry multiple viruses that can be transmitted to humans through contact. Viruses like AIDS, Lyme disease, Ebola virus, Hendra virus, monkey pox, SARS, MERS, and novel coronavirus can spread to humans through wild animals.
China promulgated the Law on the Protection of Wildlife in 1988, which prohibits the sale, purchase and utilization of wildlife that are under special state protection and their products, and prohibits the production and sale of food made of wildlife that are under special state protection and their products, or of food made of wildlife that are not under special state protection and their products without proof of legal source.
After the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, the prominent problem of eating wild animals and the huge potential dangers to public health have aroused wide concerns. On February 24, the 16th plenary meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress decided to thoroughly ban illegal wildlife trade and break the bad habit of eating wild animals, so as to effectively guarantee the safety of the people’s lives. This decision provided strong legislative guarantee to safeguard public health and ecological security and to protect people’s lives and health. For the sake of human health, people must not touch, hunt, sell, buy, process, or eat wild animals.
