13．老年人防控
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
老年人免疫功能弱，是传染病的易感人群和高危易发人群，本次新冠肺炎疫情的危重症人群中老年人居多。2020年1月28日，国家卫生健康委印发《关于做好老年人新冠肺炎疫情防控工作的通知》，要求将老年人的疫情防控作为当前的重要工作来抓，采取有效措施，切实降低老年人感染率，尽最大努力减少重症和死亡病例。全国老龄工作委员会办公室发布的《给老年朋友的一封信》倡议，老年人要科学防控，不要过度恐慌；尽量减少外出，做好个人防护；注重补充营养和食品卫生；合理适度锻炼身体；主动学习相关防护知识等。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
根据国家卫生健康委在2020年1月29日发布的《新型冠状病毒防控指南（第一版）》，老年人群的主要防控措施包括：确保老人掌握预防新冠肺炎的个人防护措施、手卫生要求、卫生和健康习惯，避免共用个人物品，注意通风，落实消毒措施；倡导老人养成经常洗手的好习惯；老人出现可疑症状时，应自我隔离，避免与其他人员近距离接触，由医护人员对其健康状况进行评估，视病情状况送至医疗机构就诊，注意及时佩戴医用外科口罩，并避免乘坐公共交通工具；曾与可疑症状者有无有效防护的密切接触者，应立即登记，并进行医学观察；减少不必要的聚会、聚餐等群体性活动，不安排集中用餐等。此外，若出现可疑症状的老人被确诊为新冠肺炎，其密切接触者应接受14天医学观察。病人离开后（如住院、死亡等），应及时对住所进行终末消毒。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
13. Prevention and Control for the Elderly文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
The elderly with weak immune function are susceptible and high-risk groups of infectious diseases, and they are the majority of the severe and critical cases among the COVID-19 patients.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
On January 28, the NHC issued a notice on epidemic prevention and control among the elderly, requiring effective measures to reduce the infection rate, severe cases and deaths. The Office of the National Working Committee on Aging published a letter calling for the senior citizens to take scientific measures against the disease and not to panic; reduce outdoor activities and have personal protection; balance nutrition and ensure food hygiene; exercise moderately; and take protective tips.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9186.html
According to the Prevention and Control Protocol for Novel Coronavirus (1st Edition), the main prevention and control measures for the elderly included:
* Learn necessary personal protective ways against the disease, keep hands clean, and maintain hygiene and health habits;
* Avoid sharing personal items, keep ventilation, and take disinfection measures;
* Wash hand frequently;
* Take self-quarantine and avoid close contact with others in case of suspicious symptoms, and ask the medical staff assess their health status and send them to medical institution for treatment depending on the condition;
* Wear surgical masks and avoid taking public transportation when going to hospital;
* Anyone who has taken no effective protection when having close contact with someone with suspicious symptoms should be registered immediately and put under medical observation;
* Reduce unnecessary gatherings, dinner parties and other group activities, and avoid collective dining.
If the elderly with suspicious symptoms are diagnosed with the novel coronavirus, their close contacts need to receive 14 days of medical observation. After the patient leave (such as hospitalization and death), the residence must be disinfected in time.
14．儿童防控
儿童是新冠肺炎的易感人群之一。2020年2月2日，国务院应对新冠肺炎疫情联防联控机制发出通知，要求做好儿童和孕产妇新冠肺炎疫情防控工作。
根据国家卫生健康委在2020年1月29日发布的《新型冠状病毒防控指南（第一版）》，儿童群体的主要防控措施包括：尽量避免外出，不到人员密集和空间密闭的场所，不走亲访友，不与有呼吸道感染症状的人接触，确需外出的要正确佩戴口罩，做好防护措施；要养成打喷嚏或咳嗽时用纸巾或袖肘遮住嘴巴、鼻子的习惯；如果有发烧、生病的情况，一定要配合家长及时去医院就医；家长要加强居室通风，做好室内消毒，创造清洁生活环境，外出回家后洗手更衣再接触儿童；家长要教会儿童正确的洗手方法，督促儿童勤洗手、不乱摸，适度运动、合理膳食、作息规律，帮助儿童养成良好的卫生习惯等。
14. Prevention and Control for Children
Children are one of the vulnerable groups of the novel coronavirus. On February 2, the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council issued a notice on ensuring effective control of the children and pregnant women.
According to the Prevention and Control Protocol for Novel Coronavirus (1st Edition), the main prevention and control measures for children included:
* Reduce outdoor activities as much as possible, avoid going to crowded or poorly ventilated spaces, and avoid visiting relatives and friends or contact with people who have symptoms of respiratory tract infection;
* Take good protection such as wearing a facial mask while going out;
* Cover mouth and nose with tissue or elbow when sneezing or coughing;
* Go to hospital with parents in time in case of a fever or illness;
* Parents should improve room ventilation, and do indoor disinfection to create a clean living environment;
* After returning from public areas, parents should wash hands and change clothes before contacting children;
* Parents should teach children correct way of hand washing, urge children to wash their hands frequently, avoid touching public objects, balance nutrition and exercise moderately, work and rest regularly, and help children develop good health habits.
15．学生防控
学生的身体健康牵涉到千家万户，是疫情防控的关键和重中之重。2020年1月29日，国家教育部宣布各地在疫情防控期间做好延期开学的准备，中小学应在延迟开学期间“停课不停教、不停学”。2020年2月2日, 国家卫生健康委发布《新冠病毒防控指南（第一版）》，对学生群体防控做出明确规定。
根据国家卫生健康委在2020年1月29日发布的《新型冠状病毒防控指南（第一版）》，学生群体的主要防控措施包括：寒假期间，有疫情高发地区（如武汉等地区）居住史或旅行史的学生，自离开疫情高发地区后，居家或在指定场所医学观察14天；各地学生均应尽量居家，减少走亲访友、聚会聚餐，减少到人员密集的公共场所活动；每日进行健康监测，并根据社区或学校要求向社区或学校指定负责人报告。寒假结束时，学生如无可疑症状，可正常返校；如有可疑症状，应报告学校或由监护人报告学校，及时就医，待痊愈后再返校；返校途中，乘坐公共交通工具时全程佩戴医用外科口罩或N95口罩，随时保持手卫生，做好旅途中健康监测，避免与可疑症状人员近距离接触；若旅途中出现可疑症状，应主动戴上医用外科口罩或N95口罩，尽量避免接触其他人员，并视病情及时就医；如需前往医疗机构就诊时，应主动告知旅行居住史，妥善保存旅行票据信息，配合相关密切接触者调查等。
15. Prevention and Control for Students
The health of students involves thousands of families, which is the key and top priority of epidemic prevention and control. On January 29, the Ministry of Education proposed all regions postpone the new school term during the epidemic prevention and control period, and primary and middle schools “suspend classes with non-stopping teaching and learning” during the period.
According to the Prevention and Control Protocol for Novel Coronavirus (1st Edition), the students should do the following:
* Stay at home or in a designated place for 14-day medical observation after their departure if they have a travel or residence history from areas hit hard by the epidemic (such as Wuhan and other areas) during the winter vacation;
* Stay at home, reduce visits to relatives and friends, parties and collective dining, and reduce visits to crowded public areas;
* Conduct daily health monitoring and report to the designated people as required by the community or school.
* Return to school at the end of winter vacation if having no suspicious symptoms;
* Report to the school if having suspicious symptoms, seek medical advice in a timely manner, and return to school after recovery;
* Wear surgical or N95 masks on public transportation on the way back school, keep hand hygiene, do health monitoring, and avoid close contact with people of suspicious symptoms;
* Wear surgical or N95 masks in case of suspicious symptoms during the journey, avoid contact with others, and seek medical advice in a timely manner depending on the condition;
* Inform the doctor about travel and residence history, preserve the travel tickets and information, and cooperate with the investigation about close contacts.
16．有疾病流行地区居住旅行史人员防控
根据国家卫生健康委在2020年1月29日发布的《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎防控公众预防指南汇编》，在两周内有武汉等疾病流行地区居住、旅行史的人员应做好登记、隔离和酌情就医等防控措施，具体包括：尽快到所在村支部或社区登记，减少外出活动，尤其是避免到人员密集的公共场所活动；从离开疾病流行地区时开始，连续14天进行自我健康状况监测，每天两次；条件允许时，尽量单独居住或居住在通风良好的单人房间，并尽量减少与家人的密切接触；若出现可疑症状（包括发热、咳嗽、咽痛、胸闷、呼吸困难、轻度纳差、乏力、精神稍差、恶心呕吐、腹泻、头痛、心慌、结膜炎、轻度四肢或腰背部肌肉酸痛等），应根据病情及时就诊；就医途中，应佩戴医用外科口罩或N95口罩；避免乘坐公共交通工具前往医院，路上打开车窗，注意时刻佩戴口罩、随时保持手卫生，尽可能远离其他人(至少1米)，若路途中污染了交通工具，建议使用含氯消毒剂或过氧乙酸消毒剂，对所有被呼吸道分泌物或体液污染的表面进行消毒。
16. Prevention and Control for People with Travel and Residence History in Epidemic Areas
According to the Guidebook on Public Prevention of Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneumonia, released by the NHC on January 29, people who have lived in or traveled to epidemic areas like Wuhan in the previous two weeks should take prevention and control measures, including registration, quarantine, and getting medical attention as appropriate.
Specifically, they should do the following:
* Register at local community or village administration as soon as possible, and avoid outdoor activities, especially visits to crowded public places;
* Monitor their health conditions twice a day for 14 consecutive days starting from the day of leaving the epidemic areas;
* Stay alone or in well-ventilated single rooms, if possible, and minimize close contacts with family members;
* Seek medical advice immediately if they have suspicious symptoms related to COVID-19 (such as fever, cough, sore throat, chest distress, breathing difficulties, mildly poor appetite, fatigue, feebleness, nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, headache, palpitation, conjunctivitis, mild myalgia in limbs or the lumbodorsal area);
* On the way to hospital, wear a surgical or N95 mask, and avoid taking public transportation; have the car windows remain opened for good ventilation; keep the mask on and hands clear all the time; and stay at least one meter from other people;
* Disinfectants containing chlorine or peracetic acid are recommended to sterilize all surfaces of the vehicle if contaminated by their respiratory secretions or body fluids.
17．居家隔离人员防控
居家隔离是科学防控的必要手段，也是阻止病毒传播蔓延的重要方法之一。为指导居家隔离医学观察的人员做好个人防护，预防和控制感染，国家卫生健康委在2020年2月5日印发的《新冠肺炎防控中居家隔离医学观察感染防控指引（试行）》中，对居家隔离医学观察随访者、居家隔离医学观察人员及其家庭成员或室友等相关人员的感染防控措施作出详细介绍。
根据该防控指引，居家隔离医学观察人员感染防控应注意：可选择家庭中通风较好的房间隔离，多开窗通风，保持房门随时关闭，在打开与其他家庭成员或室友相通的房门时先开窗通风；不随意离开隔离房间，必须离开隔离房间时，先戴好外科口罩，洗手或手消毒后再出门；尽可能减少与其他家庭成员或室友接触，保持1米以上距离并尽量处于下风向；避免使用中央空调；保持充足休息和充足营养，最好在隔离房间内进食、饮水，分时段共用卫生间，用后通风并用酒精等消毒剂对身体接触的物体表面清洁消毒；讲究咳嗽礼仪，咳嗽时用纸巾遮盖口鼻，不随地吐痰，纸巾及口罩用后丢入专门的带盖垃圾桶内；用过的物品及时清洁消毒；按居家隔离医学观察通知，每日上下午测量体温，自觉发热时随时测量并记录，出现发热、咳嗽、气促等急性呼吸道症状时，及时联系隔离点观察人员。
此外，居家隔离医学观察人员的家庭成员、室友、物业保洁人员、保安人员等需接触居家隔离观察对象时，也应注意防控，正确穿戴和摘脱防护用品。
17. Prevention and Control for People Under Home Quarantine
Home quarantine is a scientific way and an important means to contain the virus from spreading. The Guidelines on Medical Observation at Home for COVID-19 Prevention and Control (Trial), released by the NHC on February 5, detailed the measures for people under home quarantine and their family members/roommates, and staff conducting follow-up visits to them.
According to its suggestions, people under home quarantine and medical observation should do the following:
* Stay in a well-ventilated room, and keep windows open for ventilation but door closed;
* Open the window of their room for ventilation before opening the door that connects to where family members or roommates live;
* Avoid leaving the room, and wear a surgical mask, wash or sanitize hands before going out, if they must;
* Minimize contacts with family members or roommates, keep a distance of at least one meter from them, and try to be in the downwind direction;
* Not use the central air-conditioning;
* Get adequate rest and nutrition, and eat and drink in their own room;
* Timeshare bathrooms, and after usage, keep the bathroom ventilated, and use alcohol and other disinfectants to sterilize all the surfaces of objects that are subject to physical contacts;
* Practice the Cough Etiquette: covering mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing; no spitting; and putting the used tissues and masks into special waste receptacles with covers;
* Clean and disinfect immediately all objects they have used;
* Follow the notice for medical observation at home to measure body temperature every morning and afternoon or anytime when they have a fever;
* Contact staff at the quarantine center if they develop acute respiratory symptoms such as fever, cough, and panting.
If family members, roommates, staff of property management, cleaning and security, and other people need to come into contact with the people under medical observation at home, they are recommended to correctly wear and remove protective suits.
18．居家发热患者防控
冬春季节，呼吸道传染病高发，普通感冒、流感和新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎均可导致发热，但症状各有不同。如普通感冒通常表现为打喷嚏、流鼻涕、咽喉不适等明显的上呼吸道症状，而全身症状较轻，不发热或仅有短暂发热。流感多为高热，全身症状较重，伴有畏寒、头痛、全身酸痛、鼻塞、流涕、干咳、胸痛、恶心、食欲不振等表现。新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎以发热、乏力、干咳为主要表现，少数患者伴有鼻塞、流涕、腹泻等症状。
根据国家卫生健康委在2020年1月29日发布的《新型冠状病毒防控指南（第一版）》，如果出现发热、咳嗽等症状，以下任一情况，建议采取居家隔离的方式进行观察，一是症状轻微，体温低于38℃，无明显气短、气促、胸闷、呼吸困难，呼吸、血压、心率等生命体征平稳；二是无严重呼吸系统、心血管系统等基础疾病及严重肥胖者。
《指南》建议，居家发热患者应注意休息，营养均衡，饮食宜清淡；多饮温水，少饮冰凉饮料，保证脾胃功能正常；避免盲目或不恰当使用抗菌药物；严格正确佩戴口罩，与家人分餐，与家人保持距离1.5米以上；怕冷、发热、肌肉酸痛、咳嗽者，可选用具有解热散寒、清热解毒、宣肺止咳类中成药；乏力倦怠，恶心、食欲下降、腹泻者，可选用具有化湿解表类中成药；发热伴有咽痛明显者，可选用具有清热解毒利咽功能类中成药；发热伴有大便不畅者，可加用具有通腑泻热类制剂。此外，如果居家发热患者体温升高至38.5℃以上，可采取温湿毛巾或冰贴等物理降温措施，建议口服解热镇痛类、清热解毒类中成药。如果患者体温持续2小时以上不退，出现胸闷、气短、心率增快、腹泻或呕吐加重，建议到定点医院、发热门诊就诊。如果呼吸频率出现呼吸频率≥30次/分，伴呼吸困难及口唇发绀等表现，应拨打120急救电话，由急救医护人员转运到定点医院、发热门诊救治。
18. Prevention and Control for Fever Patients at Home
Winters and springs see high incidences of respiratory infections. Common cold, influenza and COVID-19 can all lead to fever, but they are different in other symptoms. The symptoms of a common cold are obvious in the upper respiratory tract, such as sneezing, runny nose, and sore throat, and also there may be some mild general symptoms with transient fever or no fever. People with influenza may have severe general symptoms, often including high fevers, and other signs such as feeling chills, headaches, body aches, runny or stuffy nose, dry cough, chest pain, nausea, and lack of appetite. The symptoms of COVID-19 mainly are fever, fatigue, and dry cough. A few patients also have runny or stuffy noses, diarrhea and other signs.
According to the Prevention and Control Protocol for Novel Coronavirus (1st Edition), home quarantine is recommended for those with symptoms of fever and cough if any of the following is met: (1) body temperature below 38℃, mild symptoms without obvious shortness of breath, tachypnea, chest distress, or breathing difficulties, and steady vital signs including breath, blood pressure and heart rate; (2) no severe underlying disorders in the respiratory or cardiovascular system, and no severe obesity.
As advised in the Protocol, fever patients at home should get good rest, keep a light and well-balanced diet, and take warm water instead of cold drinks to ensure normal functions of the spleen and stomach. Blind or improper use of antibiotics should be avoided. Separate meals are encouraged at home. They should wear a mask correctly, and maintain at least 1.5-meter distance from other family members.
For symptoms of feeling chills, fever, myalgia and cough, Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) for releasing heat, dissipating cold, detoxifying, and diffusing the lung to suppress cough could be taken; for fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, and diarrhea, CPMs for resolving dampness and releasing the exterior; for fever and obvious sore throat, CPMs for releasing heat, detoxifying, and soothing the throat; and for fever and poor bowel movement, Chinese medicine preparations for relaxing the bowels and purging heat could be added.
If the temperature of a fever patient at home rises above 38.5℃, such measures as warm and wet towels and ice sticks could be used for physical cooling, and oral administration of CPMs for releasing heat, easing pain, and detoxifying is recommended.
If the high temperature remains for more than 2 hours and the symptoms of chest distress, shortness of breath, as well as increased heart rate, diarrhea or vomiting are developed, it is advised to visit a designated hospital or fever clinic.
If the respiratory frequency is higher than 30/minute, and there are symptoms of breathing difficulties and blue lips, call 120 for first aid to send him/her to a designated hospital or fever clinic by medical personnel.
19．疑似病例防控
国家卫生健康委在2020年1月22日发布的《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎防控方案（第二版）》中，明确提出了新冠肺炎病例监测方案、流行病学调查方案、可疑暴露者和密切接触者管理方案以及实验室检测技术指南，提出加强组织领导、病例发现与报告、流行病学调查等9项防控措施，指导各级各类医疗机构、各级疾控机构开展病例监测、发现和报告工作。根据该防控方案，疑似病例的定义为：有三项临床表现，即发热，具有肺炎影像学特征，发病早期白细胞总数正常或降低，或淋巴细胞计数减少；同时，具有发病前14天内有武汉旅行史或居住史，或发病前14天内曾接触过来自武汉的发热伴有呼吸道症状的患者，或有聚集性发病或与确诊病例有流行病学关联等任何一项流行病学史的患者。
该防控方案指出，医疗机构发现符合疑似病例、确诊病例定义的患者时，应按要求开展流行病学调查、进行临床标本采集与相关病原检测；加强隔离、消毒和防护工作，对疑似病例进行单间隔离治疗。
19. Prevention and Control for Suspected Cases
In the Protocol for Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneumonia Prevention and Control (2nd Edition), released on January 22, the NHC laid out guidelines for monitoring of the patients, epidemiological investigations, and management of suspicious exposures and close contacts, and technical guidelines for laboratory testing. Nine measures of prevention and control, including strengthening organization and leadership, case detection and report, and epidemiological investigation, were provided to guide healthcare facilities and disease control centers at all levels on monitoring, detecting and reporting infections.
According to the Protocol, the definition of suspected cases considers both clinical and epidemiological features. There are three clinical manifestations: fever; radiographic imaging consistent with pneumonia; and normal or decreased white blood cell count, or decreased lymphocyte count in the early stages of the disease. The epidemiological history includes: history of travel to or residence in Wuhan within 14 days prior to the onset of the disease; contact with a patient from Wuhan with fever and respiratory symptoms within 14 days prior to the onset of the disease; clustered cases; or epidemiological relation with confirmed cases. A suspected case is defined by having all the three clinical manifestations plus any of the epidemiological history criteria.
It is stated in the Protocol that if patients who meet the definitions of suspected or confirmed cases are detected, healthcare facilities should conduct epidemiological investigations, specimen collections and lab testing, and strengthen measures for quarantine, disinfection, prevention and control. Suspected cases should be quarantined and treated in single rooms.
20．医疗机构就诊防护
国家卫生健康委在2020年1月30日印发的《新冠病毒感染不同风险人群防护指南》中，对需要到医疗机构就诊的出行人员提出防护建议：佩戴医用外科口罩，并保持手清洁；尽量避免乘坐地铁、公交车等交通工具，避免前往人群密集的场所；就诊时应主动告知医务人员相关疾病流行地区的旅行居住史，以及与他人接触情况，配合医疗卫生机构开展相关调查。
同时，医疗机构应做好就诊患者的管理，合理配置医务人员，降低医疗机构内感染的风险；发现疑似或确诊感染新冠病毒的患者时，依法采取隔离或控制传播措施，并按照规定对患者的陪同人员和其他密切接触人员采取医学观察及其他必要的预防措施；不具备新冠肺炎救治能力的医疗机构，应及时将患者转诊到定点救治医院。
20. Prevention and Control for Visiting Medical Institutions
In the Guide on Protecting People Against Different Risks of Novel Coronavirus Infection, released on January 30, the NHC provided the following advice to individuals who need to visit a medical institution:
* Wear a surgical mask and keep hands clean;
* Avoid taking subway, bus or other public transportation, and avoid going to crowded places;
* Inform medical staff of their histories of travel to or residence in the epidemic regions and contacts with others, and cooperate with the medical institution to carry out relevant investigations.
Medical institutions should strengthen patient management, allocate medical staff properly, and reduce the risks for hospital-acquired infection. When a suspected or confirmed case is identified, quarantine or containment should be taken in accordance with law, and medical observation and other necessary precautions should be provided to the patient escorts and other close contacts. The institutions lack of the capability for treating COVID-19 should transfer the patients to designated hospitals in a timely manner.
