一、中国抗击疫情的艰辛历程
I. China’s Fight against the Epidemic: A Test of Fire文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9327.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9327.html
新冠肺炎疫情是新中国成立以来发生的传播速度最快、感染范围最广、防控难度最大的一次重大突发公共卫生事件，对中国是一次危机，也是一次大考。中国共产党和中国政府高度重视、迅速行动，习近平总书记亲自指挥、亲自部署，统揽全局、果断决策，为中国人民抗击疫情坚定了信心、凝聚了力量、指明了方向。在中国共产党领导下，全国上下贯彻“坚定信心、同舟共济、科学防治、精准施策”总要求，打响抗击疫情的人民战争、总体战、阻击战。经过艰苦卓绝的努力，中国付出巨大代价和牺牲，有力扭转了疫情局势，用一个多月的时间初步遏制了疫情蔓延势头，用两个月左右的时间将本土每日新增病例控制在个位数以内，用3个月左右的时间取得了武汉保卫战、湖北保卫战的决定性成果，疫情防控阻击战取得重大战略成果，维护了人民生命安全和身体健康，为维护地区和世界公共卫生安全作出了重要贡献。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9327.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9327.html
The Covid-19 epidemic is a major public health emergency. The virus has spread faster and wider than any other since the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949, and has proven to be the most difficult to contain. It is both a crisis and a major test for China. The Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese government have addressed the epidemic as a top priority, and taken swift action. General Secretary Xi Jinping has taken personal command, planned the response, overseen the general situation and acted decisively, pointing the way forward in the fight against the epidemic. This has bolstered the Chinese people’s confidence and rallied their strength. Under the leadership of the CPC, the whole nation has followed the general principle of “remaining confident, coming together in solidarity, adopting a science-based approach, and taking targeted measures”, and waged an all-out people’s war on the virus.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9327.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9327.html
Through painstaking efforts and tremendous sacrifice, and having paid a heavy price, China has succeeded in turning the situation around. In little more than a single month, the rising spread of the virus was contained; in around two months, the daily increase in domestic coronavirus cases had fallen to single digits; and in approximately three months, a decisive victory was secured in the battle to defend Hubei Province and its capital city of Wuhan. With these strategic achievements, China has protected its people’s lives, safety and health, and made a significant contribution to safeguarding regional and global public health.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9327.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9327.html
截至2020年5月31日24时，31个省、自治区、直辖市和新疆生产建设兵团累计报告确诊病例83017例，累计治愈出院病例78307例，累计死亡病例4634例，治愈率94.3%，病亡率5.6%（见图1、2、3、4）。回顾前一阶段中国抗疫历程，大体分为五个阶段。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9327.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9327.html
As of 24:00 of May 31, 2020, a cumulative total of 83,017 confirmed cases had been reported on the Chinese mainland, 78,307 infected had been cured and discharged from hospital, and 4,634 people had died. This demonstrates a cure rate of 94.3 percent and a fatality rate of 5.6 percent (see charts 1, 2, 3 and 4).
China’s fight against the epidemic can be divided into five stages.
（一）第一阶段：迅即应对突发疫情
Stage I: Swift Response to the Public Health Emergency
（2019年12月27日至2020年1月19日）
(December 27, 2019-January 19, 2020)
湖北省武汉市监测发现不明原因肺炎病例，中国第一时间报告疫情，迅速采取行动，开展病因学和流行病学调查，阻断疫情蔓延。及时主动向世界卫生组织以及美国等国家通报疫情信息，向世界公布新型冠状病毒基因组序列。武汉地区出现局部社区传播和聚集性病例，其他地区开始出现武汉关联确诊病例，中国全面展开疫情防控。
As soon as cases of pneumonia of unknown cause were identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China acted immediately to conduct etiological and epidemiological investigations and to stop the spread of the disease, and promptly reported the situation. In a timely manner, China informed the WHO and other countries, including the US, of the developing situation, and released the genome sequence of the novel coronavirus. After community spread and clusters of cases emerged in Wuhan, and confirmed cases were reported in other Chinese regions, which were due to virus carriers traveling from the city, a nationwide program of epidemic prevention and control was launched.
（1）2019年12月27日，湖北省中西医结合医院向武汉市江汉区疾控中心报告不明原因肺炎病例。武汉市组织专家从病情、治疗转归、流行病学调查、实验室初步检测等方面情况分析，认为上述病例系病毒性肺炎。
(1) December 27, 2019: Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine reported cases of pneumonia of unknown cause to the Wuhan Jianghan Center for Disease Prevention and Control. The Wuhan city government arranged for experts to look into these cases through an analysis of the patients’ condition and clinical outcome, the findings of epidemiological investigations, and preliminary laboratory testing results. The conclusion was that they were cases of a viral pneumonia.
（2）12月30日，武汉市卫生健康委向辖区医疗机构发布《关于做好不明原因肺炎救治工作的紧急通知》。国家卫生健康委获悉有关信息后立即组织研究，迅速开展行动。
(2) December 30: The Wuhan City Health Commission (WCHC)issued Urgent Notice on Treatment of Patients with Pneumonia of Unknown Cause. Upon learning of developments, the National Health Commission (NHC) acted immediately to organize research into the disease.
（3）12月31日凌晨，国家卫生健康委作出安排部署，派出工作组、专家组赶赴武汉市，指导做好疫情处置工作，开展现场调查。武汉市卫生健康委在官方网站发布《关于当前我市肺炎疫情的情况通报》，发现27例病例，提示公众尽量避免到封闭、空气不流通的公众场合和人多集中地方，外出可佩戴口罩。当日起，武汉市卫生健康委依法发布疫情信息。
(3) December 31: The NHC made arrangements in the small hours to send a working group and an expert team to Wuhan to guide its response to the situation and conduct on-site investigations.
The WCHC website carried its Information Circular on the Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, confirming 27 cases and urging the public to stay away from enclosed public places with poor ventilation and venues where large crowds gathered. The commission also suggested the use of face masks when going out. From that day on, the WCHC began to release updates on the disease in accordance with the law.
（4）2020年1月1日，国家卫生健康委成立疫情应对处置领导小组。1月2日，国家卫生健康委制定《不明原因的病毒性肺炎防控“三早”方案》；中国疾控中心、中国医学科学院收到湖北省送检的第一批4例病例标本，即开展病原鉴定。
(4) January 1, 2020: The NHC set up a leading group on the disease response. The next day, it formulated Guidelines on Early Detection, Early Diagnosis and Early Quarantine for Prevention and Control of Viral Pneumonia of Unknown Cause. The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) and the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) received the first batch of samples of four cases discovered in Hubei and began the pathogen identification process.
（5）1月3日，武汉市卫生健康委在官方网站发布《关于不明原因的病毒性肺炎情况通报》，共发现44例不明原因的病毒性肺炎病例。国家卫生健康委组织中国疾控中心等4家科研单位对病例样本进行实验室平行检测，进一步开展病原鉴定。国家卫生健康委会同湖北省卫生健康委制定《不明原因的病毒性肺炎诊疗方案（试行）》等9个文件。当日起，中国有关方面定期向世界卫生组织、有关国家和地区组织以及中国港澳台地区及时主动通报疫情信息。
(5) January 3: The WCHC issued Information Circular on Viral Pneumonia of Unknown Cause, reporting a total of 44 cases.
Under the direction of the NHC, China CDC and three other institutions carried out parallel laboratory testing of the samples to identify the pathogen. The NHC and the Health Commission of Hubei Province jointly formulated nine documents, including Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Viral Pneumonia of Unknown Cause (for Trial Implementation).
From that day on, on a regular basis, China began to update the WHO, relevant countries, and regional organizations, as well as its own regions of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, on the development of the disease.
（6）1月4日，中国疾控中心负责人与美国疾控中心负责人通电话，介绍疫情有关情况，双方同意就信息沟通和技术协作保持密切联系。国家卫生健康委会同湖北省卫生健康部门制定《不明原因的病毒性肺炎医疗救治工作手册》。
(6) January 4: The head of China CDC held a telephone conversation with the director of the US CDC, briefing him about the new pneumonia. The two sides agreed to keep in close contact on information sharing and cooperation on technical matters.
The NHC and related health departments in Hubei Province produced Treatment Manual for Viral Pneumonia of Unknown Cause.
（7）1月5日，武汉市卫生健康委在官方网站发布《关于不明原因的病毒性肺炎情况通报》，共发现59例不明原因的病毒性肺炎病例，根据实验室检测结果，排除流感、禽流感、腺病毒、传染性非典型性肺炎和中东呼吸综合征等呼吸道病原。中国向世界卫生组织通报疫情信息。世界卫生组织首次就中国武汉出现的不明原因肺炎病例进行通报。
(7) January 5: The WCHC updated information on its website, reporting a total of 59 cases of the viral pneumonia of unknown cause. Laboratory tests ruled out respiratory pathogens as the cause, such as influenza, avian influenza, adenovirus, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus, and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus.
China sent a situation update to the WHO. The WHO released its first briefing on cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan.
（8）1月6日，国家卫生健康委在全国卫生健康工作会议上通报武汉市不明原因肺炎有关情况，要求加强监测、分析和研判，及时做好疫情处置。
(8) January 6: The NHC gave a briefing on cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan at a national health conference, calling for greater efforts to monitor, analyze and study them, and prepare for a timely response.
（9）1月7日，中共中央总书记习近平在主持召开中共中央政治局常务委员会会议时，对做好不明原因肺炎疫情防控工作提出要求。
(9) January 7: Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, presided over a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and issued instructions on the prevention and control of a possible epidemic of the pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan.
（10）1月7日，中国疾控中心成功分离新型冠状病毒毒株。
(10) January 7: China CDC succeeded in isolating the first novel coronavirus strain.
（11）1月8日，国家卫生健康委专家评估组初步确认新冠病毒为疫情病原。中美两国疾控中心负责人通电话，讨论双方技术交流合作事宜。
(11) January 8: An expert evaluation team designated by the NHC initially identified a new coronavirus as the cause of the disease. The heads of the China and US CDCs held a telephone discussion on technical exchanges and cooperation.
（12）1月9日，国家卫生健康委专家评估组对外发布武汉市不明原因的病毒性肺炎病原信息，病原体初步判断为新型冠状病毒。中国向世界卫生组织通报疫情信息，将病原学鉴定取得的初步进展分享给世界卫生组织。世界卫生组织网站发布关于中国武汉聚集性肺炎病例的声明，表示在短时间内初步鉴定出新型冠状病毒是一项显著成就。
(12) January 9: The NHC expert evaluation team released information on the pathogen of the viral pneumonia of unknown cause, and made a preliminary judgment that a new coronavirus was the cause.
China informed the WHO of developments and the initial progress that had been made in determining the cause of the viral pneumonia. The WHO released on its website a statement regarding a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, indicating that the preliminary identification of a novel coronavirus in such a short period of time was a notable achievement.
（13）1月10日，中国疾控中心、中国科学院武汉病毒研究所等专业机构初步研发出检测试剂盒，武汉市立即组织对在院收治的所有相关病例进行排查。国家卫生健康委、中国疾控中心负责人分别与世界卫生组织负责人就疫情应对处置工作通话，交流有关信息。
(13) January 10: Research institutions including China CDC and the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) came up with an initial version of test kits. Wuhan immediately began to test all relevant cases admitted to local hospitals to screen for the new coronavirus.
The heads of the NHC and China CDC held separate telephone conversations with the head of the WHO about China’s response to the disease, and exchanged information.
（14）1月11日起，中国每日向世界卫生组织等通报疫情信息。
(14) January 11: China started to update the WHO and other parties concerned on a daily basis.
（15）1月12日，武汉市卫生健康委在情况通报中首次将“不明原因的病毒性肺炎”更名为“新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎”。中国疾控中心、中国医学科学院、中国科学院武汉病毒研究所作为国家卫生健康委指定机构，向世界卫生组织提交新型冠状病毒基因组序列信息，在全球流感共享数据库（GISAID）发布，全球共享。国家卫生健康委与世界卫生组织分享新冠病毒基因组序列信息。
(15) January 12: The WCHC changed “viral pneumonia of unknown cause” to “pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus” in an information circular on its website.
China CDC, the CAMS and the WIV, as designated agencies of the NHC, submitted to the WHO the genome sequence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which was published by the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data to be shared globally.
（16）1月13日，国务院总理李克强在主持召开国务院全体会议时，对做好疫情防控提出要求。
(16) January 13: Premier Li Keqiang chaired a State Council meeting and announced requirements for epidemic prevention and control.
（17）1月13日，国家卫生健康委召开会议，部署指导湖北省、武汉市进一步强化管控措施，加强口岸、车站等人员体温监测，减少人群聚集。世界卫生组织官方网站发表关于在泰国发现新冠病毒病例的声明指出，中国共享了基因组测序结果，使更多国家能够快速诊断患者。香港、澳门、台湾考察团赴武汉市考察疫情防控工作。
(17) January 13: The NHC held a meeting to provide guidance to Hubei and Wuhan authorities, advising them to further strengthen management, step up body temperature monitoring at ports and stations, and reduce crowded gatherings.
The WHO issued on its website a statement on the discovery of novel coronavirus cases in Thailand, recognizing that China’s sharing of the genome sequence of the virus had enabled more countries to rapidly diagnose cases.
An inspection team from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan visited Wuhan to learn about the prevention and control of the disease.
（18）1月14日，国家卫生健康委召开全国电视电话会议，部署加强湖北省、武汉市疫情防控工作，做好全国疫情防范应对准备工作。会议指出，新冠病毒导致的新发传染病存在很大不确定性，人与人之间的传播能力和传播方式仍需要深入研究，不排除疫情进一步扩散蔓延的可能性。
(18) January 14: The NHC held a national teleconference, specifying arrangements for epidemic prevention and control in Hubei and Wuhan, and for emergency preparations and response across the country. The NHC cautioned that there was great uncertainty about the new disease, and that more research was needed to understand its mode of transmission and the risk of human-to-human transmissibility. Further spread could not be ruled out.
（19）1月15日，国家卫生健康委发布新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎第一版诊疗方案、防控方案。
(19) January 15: The NHC unveiled the first versions of Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia, and Protocol on Prevention and Control of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
（20）1月16日，聚合酶链式反应（PCR）诊断试剂优化完成，武汉市对全部69所二级以上医院发热门诊就医和留观治疗的患者进行主动筛查。
(20) January 16: As the optimization of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) diagnostic reagents was completed, Wuhan began to screen all patients treated in fever clinics or under medical observation in the 69 hospitals at or above the level of grade two in the city.
（21）1月17日，国家卫生健康委派出7个督导组赴地方指导疫情防控工作。
(21) January 17: The NHC sent seven inspection teams to different provincial-level health agencies to guide local epidemic prevention and control.
（22）1月18日，国家卫生健康委发布新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎第二版诊疗方案。
(22) January 18: The NHC released the second version of Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
（23）1月18日至19日，国家卫生健康委组织国家医疗与防控高级别专家组赶赴武汉市实地考察疫情防控工作。19日深夜，高级别专家组经认真研判，明确新冠病毒出现人传人现象。
(23) January 18 and 19: The NHC assembled a high-level national team of senior medical and disease control experts and sent them to Wuhan to study the local response to the epidemic. In the middle of the night of January 19, after careful examination and deliberation, the team determined that the new coronavirus was spreading between humans.
