一、新疆劳动就业的基本状况
I. Employment in Xinjiang文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9779.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9779.html
新疆地处中国西北边陲，长期以来，受历史和自然等因素的影响，发展相对滞后，贫困人口较多。特别是南疆四地州（和田地区、喀什地区、阿克苏地区、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州）生态环境恶劣，经济基础薄弱，就业承载能力严重不足，是国家确定的深度贫困地区。加之长期以来暴力恐怖势力、民族分裂势力、宗教极端势力鼓吹“来世天定”“教法大于国法”，煽动广大群众抵制学习国家通用语言文字，排斥现代科学知识，拒绝学习掌握就业技能、改善经济条件、提升自我发展能力，导致一些群众思想观念落后，文化程度不高，就业能力不足，就业率较低，收入十分有限，生活陷入长期贫困。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9779.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9779.html
Xinjiang is located in the northwest of China. For historical and a range of natural reasons, it has long lagged behind other parts of the country in development, and there is a large impoverished population. The four prefectures in southern Xinjiang, namely, Hotan, Kashgar, Aksu and Kizilsu Kirgiz, in particular have a poor eco-environment, weak economic foundations, and a serious shortfall in employment carrying capacity. They are identified as areas of extreme poverty. In addition, terrorists, separatists and religious extremists have long preached that “the afterlife is fated” and that “religious teachings are superior to state laws”, inciting the public to resist learning the standard spoken and written Chinese language, reject modern science, and refuse to improve their vocational skills, economic conditions, and the ability to better their own lives. As a result, some local people have outdated ideas; they suffer from poor education and employability, low employment rates and incomes, and have fallen into long-term poverty.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9779.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9779.html
做好劳动就业工作，对于保障各族人民劳动就业权利、发展和改善民生、促进社会和谐稳定意义重大。特别是2012年中共十八大以来，新疆大力实施就业惠民工程，持续加大就业培训力度，积极拓宽就业渠道，有效扩大就业容量，就业形势持续向好，各族群众收入水平不断提升、生活质量越来越高，获得感、幸福感、安全感显著增强。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9779.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9779.html
Employment and job security carries great significance for ensuring people’s right to work, improving their living standards, and promoting social harmony and stability. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2012, Xinjiang has vigorously implemented employment projects, enhanced vocational training, and expanded employment channels and capacity. Thanks to these efforts, the employment situation in Xinjiang has continued to improve, people’s incomes and quality of life are rising, and their sense of gain, happiness and security has significantly increased.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9779.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9779.html
政策体系进一步健全。近年来，新疆贯彻落实国家稳就业促就业决策部署，顺应人民呼声并结合自身实际，制定了《新疆维吾尔自治区党委 自治区人民政府关于进一步促进就业创业工作的意见》《新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府关于做好当前和今后一段时期就业创业工作的实施意见》《新疆维吾尔自治区“十三五”促进就业规划》等文件，在经济发展、财政保障、税收优惠、金融支持和城乡、区域、群体统筹，以及支持灵活就业、帮助困难群体就业等方面，作出系统安排，为促进劳动就业、维护劳动者权益提供了坚实的制度保障。
Policies have further improved. In recent years, to implement the national policies and strategies for stabilizing and facilitating employment and respond to calls from the public and local conditions, Xinjiang has successively formulated the Opinions of the CPC Committee and the People’s Government of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Further Facilitating Employment and Business Startups, the Opinions of the People’s Government of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Facilitating Employment and Business Startups Now and in the Future, and the 13th Five-Year Plan of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for Facilitating Employment. Systematic arrangements have been made in the areas of economic development, governmental financial guarantees, tax incentives, support from the financial sector, and overall planning of urban and rural areas, different regions, and diverse groups, as well as in supporting flexible employment and helping groups in need to find jobs. All these provide a solid institutional guarantee for facilitating employment and safeguarding the rights and interests of workers.
就业规模不断扩大。聚焦劳动就业重点群体和深度贫困地区，引导各族群众就地就近就业、有序进城就业和自主创业，扎实推进贫困劳动力转移就业。2014年至2019年，新疆的劳动就业总人数从1135.24万人增加到1330.12万人，增长17.2%；年均新增城镇就业47.12万人以上，其中，南疆地区14.8万人，占比31.4%；年均农村富余劳动力转移就业276.3万人次以上，其中，南疆地区167.8万人次，占比60%以上。
The scale of employment has expanded continuously. Xinjiang focuses on areas of extreme poverty and key groups with difficulty finding work. It guides people of all ethnic groups to find work nearby, or to locate jobs or start their own businesses in cities, and encourages the impoverished workforce to seek employment outside their hometowns. From 2014 to 2019, the total number of people employed in Xinjiang rose from 11.35 million to 13.3 million, an increase of 17.2 percent. The average annual increase in urban employment was more than 471,200 people (148,000 in southern Xinjiang, accounting for 31.4 percent); and the average annual relocation of surplus rural labor was more than 2.76 million people, of whom nearly 1.68 million, or over 60 percent, were in southern Xinjiang.
就业结构更趋合理。以推进供给侧结构性改革为主线，坚持一产上水平、二产抓重点、三产大发展，培育壮大特色优势产业和劳动密集型产业，引导劳动力向第三产业有序流动。从三次产业分布看，就业人员占比2014年为45.4∶16.0∶38.6，2019年为36.4∶14.1∶49.5，其中，第三产业就业人员占比提高了10.9个百分点，成为吸纳就业最多的产业。从城乡分布看，越来越多农村富余劳动力向城镇流动，城镇吸纳就业能力进一步增强。2014年城镇就业人数535.4万人，2019年增加至734.17万人，占全部就业人员的55.2%。
The employment structure has become more rational. Xinjiang considers supply-side structural reform as a key priority, and endeavors to raise the level of the primary industry, focus on key projects in the secondary industry, and boost the tertiary industry. It nurtures and strengthens industries with distinctive strengths and labor-intensive industries, and guides the orderly flow of labor to the tertiary industry. In terms of workforce distribution across the three industries, the ratio in 2014 was 45.4: 16.0: 38.6, which evolved to 36.4: 14.1: 49.5 in 2019. The tertiary industry saw an increase of 10.9 percentage points, making it the most job-intensive sector. In terms of workforce distribution in urban and rural areas, surplus rural labor is increasingly moving to cities and towns, and the ability of these places to absorb workforce has been strengthened. The number of people employed in cities and towns increased from 5.35 million in 2014 to 7.34 million in 2019, accounting for 55.2 percent of the total.
劳动力素质明显提升。通过实施教育惠民工程，新疆的学前教育、九年义务教育、高中阶段教育、高等教育、职业教育均达历史最高水平。2019年，普通高等教育在校生45.38万人，比2014年增加14.62万人；中等教育在校生184.36万人，比2014年增加14.76万人。通过开展就业技能培训，培养造就了一支新时代知识型、技能型、创新型劳动者大军。据统计，2014年至2019年，全疆年均培训城乡各类劳动者128.8万人次，其中，南疆地区年均培训45.14万人次。参训人员至少掌握1项就业技能，绝大多数取得了职业资格证书、职业技能等级证书或专项职业能力证书，实现稳定就业。
The quality of the workforce has improved significantly. Thanks to the government’s education projects, enrollments in preschool education, nine-year compulsory education, senior high school education, higher education and vocational education in Xinjiang have all reached the highest level in history. In 2019, there were 453,800 full-time students studying at universities and colleges (an increase of 146,200 over 2014), and 1.84 million students studying at secondary schools (an increase of 147,600 over 2014). Through vocational training, Xinjiang has built a large knowledge-based, skilled and innovative workforce that meets the requirements of the new era. Every year from 2014 to 2019 Xinjiang provided training sessions to an average of 1.29 million urban and rural workers, of which 451,400 were in southern Xinjiang. The trainees mastered at least one skill with employment potential, and the vast majority of them obtained vocational qualifications, skill level certificates, or specialized skill certificates, allowing them to go on to find stable employment.
居民和职工收入稳步增长。2014年至2019年，新疆维吾尔自治区城镇居民人均可支配收入由2.32万元增至3.47万元，年均名义增长8.6%，农村居民人均可支配收入由8724元增至1.31万元，年均名义增长8.9%；新疆生产建设兵团城镇居民人均可支配收入由2.76万元增至4.07万元，年均名义增长8.5%，连队居民人均可支配收入由1.39万元增至2.2万元，年均名义增长9.9%。全疆城镇非私营单位就业人员年均工资由5.35万元增至7.94万元，年均增长8.4%；城镇私营单位就业人员年均工资由3.62万元增至4.59万元，年均增长5.4%。2018年至2019年，南疆地区及兵团四个深度贫困团场有15.5万名建档立卡贫困家庭劳动力转移就业并实现了脱贫。
The income of residents and workers has increased steadily. From 2014 to 2019, the per capita disposable income of residents in Xinjiang increased as follows:
– urban residents: from RMB23,200 to RMB34,700 (an average annual nominal growth of 8.6 percent);
– rural residents: from RMB8,724 to RMB13,100 (an average annual nominal growth of 8.9 percent);
– urban residents in areas under the administration of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (a special entity entrusted by the state to cultivate and guard China’s border area in Xinjiang): from RMB27,600 to RMB40,700 (an average annual nominal growth of 8.5 percent);
– residents of the company residence areas of the Corps: from RMB13,900 to RMB22,000 (an average annual nominal growth of 9.9 percent);
– average annual salary of employees in non-private sectors in cities and towns: from RMB53,500 to RMB79,400 (an annual growth of 8.4 percent);
– average annual salary of employees in private sectors in cities and towns: from RMB36,200 to RMB45,900 (an annual growth of 5.4 percent).
From 2018 to 2019, 155,000 people from registered poor households in southern Xinjiang and in four impoverished regimental farms of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps found employment outside their hometowns and subsequently emerged from poverty.
事实说明，近年来新疆的劳动就业保障工作取得了显著成效，总体态势良好。但也要看到，还面临经济发展底子薄、农村富余劳动力人数多、就业技能水平低等困难和挑战。进一步优化产业结构、提升劳动力素质、转变思想观念，是解决新疆劳动就业的一项长期任务。
The above statistics show that, in recent years, Xinjiang has achieved remarkable results in providing employment services and job security to the residents, and the overall situation is good. However, it should be noted that Xinjiang is still faced with difficulties and challenges including a weak foundation for economic development, a large labor surplus in rural areas, and a low level of vocational skills. To solve its problem of employment in the long term, Xinjiang must further optimize the industrial structure, improve the quality of the workforce, and change people’s outdated mindset.
