二、采取有力政策措施
II. Adopting Strong Policy Measures文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
（一）加速生物多样性主流化进程文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
1. Accelerating the Mainstreaming of Biodiversity文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
建立生物多样性部门协调机制。2011年，中国成立由国务院副总理任主任，23个国务院部门组成的“中国生物多样性保护国家委员会”，有力促进各部门间沟通与协调，统筹推进全国生物多样性工作。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
China has developed inter-agency government coordination mechanisms for biodiversity. In 2011, the China National Committee for Biodiversity Conservation (CNCBC), composed of 23 departments under the State Council and headed by a Vice Premier, was established to promote communication and collaboration among departments and coordinate biodiversity actions at the national level.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
制定实施生物多样性保护战略计划。中国于2010年制定并实施了《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划》（2011—2030年），提出中国未来20年生物多样性保护总体目标、战略任务和优先行动。自2015年起，通过实施生物多样性保护重大工程，对全国野生动植物资源进行调查观测，调查记录超过210万条，不断跟踪评估《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划》（2011—2030年）执行进展。
China has formulated and executed a strategic plan for biodiversity conservation. Drafted and adopted in 2010, the China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030) identified the overall goals, strategic tasks and priority actions for biodiversity conservation in the country for the coming two decades. Since 2015, China has conducted wildlife survey and monitoring through major biodiversity conservation projects, logging more than 2.1 million entries. Continued efforts have been made to track and evaluate the progress in the implementation of the Strategy and Action Plan.
将生物多样性纳入经济社会发展和生态保护修复规划、国土空间规划及其专项规划。中国高度重视生物多样性，将其纳入《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要》（2016—2020年），通过建立国土空间规划体系，划定生态保护红线，开展自然保护地体系建设，形成生态保护总体格局，并在生态保护与建设、水土保持、耕地草原河湖休养生息、濒危野生动植物保护、水资源保护等相关规划和计划中进一步明确生物多样性保护和管理措施。今年6月，中国发布了《全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体规划（2021—2035年）》，全面提出未来十五年生态系统综合治理目标。
China has incorporated biodiversity into its overall planning for economic and social development, ecological protection and restoration, land use as well as its special plans. The country puts biodiversity conservation high on the agenda, codifying it into the 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development (2016-2020). A comprehensive structure for ecological conservation has taken shape, marked by the introduction of a national spatial planning framework, setting the ecological conservation red lines and development of a nature reserve system. Measures for the protection and management of biodiversity are clearly identified through plans for ecological protection and improvement, water and soil conservation, rehabilitation of farmland, grassland, rivers and lakes, and protection of endangered wildlife and water resources. In June this year, China unveiled a 15-year comprehensive plan for ecosystem management entitled the Master Plan for the Major Projects for the Protection and Restoration of National Key Ecosystems (2021-2035).
加速推进地方生物多样性保护工作。四川、黑龙江等20多个地方政府先后发布了地方生物多样性保护战略与行动计划，设立生物多样性保护委员会，并将其作为推动生物多样性相关政策和行动落实的协调机制，参与地方和部门的重要决策与部署，有力推动地方生物多样性保护工作。
China has accelerated biodiversity conservation efforts at the local level. More than 20 local governments, such as Sichuan and Heilongjiang, have unveiled Provincial Biodiversity Conservation Strategies and Action Plans, with biodiversity conservation committees established to coordinate the implementation of related policies and actions and participate in major decision-making and planning at the local and departmental level in order to effectively support subnational biodiversity conservation.
（二）完善法律法规和政策体系
2. Improving the Legal and Policy Frameworks
为生物多样性保护提供坚实法律保障。中国颁布和修订了《环境保护法》《野生动物保护法》《种子法》《畜牧法》《渔业法》《森林法》《草原法》《海洋环境保护法》《自然保护区条例》《野生植物保护条例》等多部与生物多样性相关的法律法规，积极推动完善生物物种资源保护与监管、生物安全及生态损害赔偿法律法规。生物多样性保护和可持续利用的法律体系不断完善。
China has provided solid legal safeguards for biodiversity conservation. The country has promulgated and revised a host of laws and regulations pertinent to biodiversity conservation, including those on environmental protection, wild animal protection, seeds, livestock, fishery, forestry, grassland, the marine environment, protection of nature reserves and wild plants. Vigorous efforts have also been made to refine laws and regulations on the protection and oversight of biological resources, biosafety and compensation for ecological damage. The legal framework for the protection and sustainable use of biodiversity has seen continuous improvement.
为生物多样性保护制定全面有效政策。中国先后出台《关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见》《生态文明体制改革总体方案》等40多项涉及生态文明建设的文件，发布了《关于划定并严守生态保护红线的若干意见》《关于建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的指导意见》《建立国家公园体制总体方案》等政策措施，为中国生物多样性保护工作提供了政策保障。
Comprehensive and effective policies for biodiversity conservation have been devised. China has released some 40 documents on advancing ecological civilization, including the Opinions on Accelerating the Advancement of Ecological Civilization and the Integrated Reform Plan for Promoting Ecological Progress. In the meantime, policy measures, such as the Opinions on Delineating and Strictly Observing the Ecological Conservation Red Lines, Guidance on Establishing a Protected Area System Composed Mainly of National Parks, and the Overall Plan for Establishing a National Park System, provide the policy backbone for biodiversity conservation in China.
立法革除滥食野生动物陋习，保障人民群众健康。2020年2月24日全国人大常委会表决通过了《关于全面禁止非法野生动物交易、革除滥食野生动物陋习、切实保障人民群众生命健康安全的决定》。全国人大常委会还明确提出要修订《野生动物保护法》及其相关法律，加快《生物安全法》的立法进程。
China has introduced legislation to ban the consumption of wild animals in order to protect public health. On February 24, 2020, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress voted in favor of the Decision to Comprehensively Prohibit the Illegal Trade of Wild Animals, Eliminate the Bad Habits of Wild Animal Consumption, and Protect the Health and Safety of the People. The Committee also explicitly stated the need to amend the Law on Wild Animal Protection and related regulations and to accelerate the legislation on biosafety.
（三）提供资金保障
3. Funding Support
近年来，中国政府投入生物多样性保护领域的资金持续加大。2017—2018年，连续两年安排超过2600亿资金投入生物多样性相关工作，是2008年投入的6倍。主要涉及领域包括自然保护区、天然林保护、自然生态保护、退耕还林还草、退牧还草、农业资源保护修复与利用、生物及物种资源保护、外来物种管理、草原保护与恢复、森林资源管理、野生动植物保护、湿地保护、荒漠化石漠化治理、降低捕捞强度、海洋环境保护与监测和相关转移支付等。仅国家级自然保护区领域，“十三五”期间即累计安排中央预算内投资12亿元，开展相关项目建设，提升国家级自然保护区管理、监测、科研能力。
Funding from the Chinese government toward biodiversity conservation has grown steadily in recent years. Over 260 billion yuan was earmarked in biodiversity-related causes each year in 2017 and 2018, six times the amount in 2008. The funding was mainly directed toward such areas as nature reserves, the protection of natural forests and ecosystems, conversion of farmland to forest and grassland, conversion of grazing land to grassland, protection, restoration and utilization of agricultural resources, protection of biological resources, alien species management, grassland protection and restoration, forest resources management, wildlife protection, wetland protection, control of desertification and rocky desertification, reduction of fishing intensity, marine environmental protection and monitoring and related transfer payments. A total of 1.2 billion yuan is allocated from the central budget for national nature reserves alone during the 13th Five-Year Plan period for projects designed to improve their management, monitoring, and scientific research capabilities.
妥善利用财税激励措施，积极调动民间资本。2008年中国制定出台多项所得税优惠法律条款和政策，对符合条件的环境保护、节能节水、资源综合利用、公共污水处理、公共垃圾处理等企业的应纳所得税允许不同比例的税前扣除、减免和减半征收。2009年起，中国对成品油消费税政策进行调整，通过提高消费税费单位税额，有效发挥税收杠杆作用来促进资源环境保护。2012年起在多个省份提高排污费征收标准，调整后污染物排污费征收标准增长一倍左右。2018年度，中国民间组织共募集生态环境保护资金30亿元，用于野生动物保护、海洋和湿地保护、植树植草及环境教育等。2020年中国设立国家绿色发展基金，首期募资规模885亿元，通过创新性金融制度，采用市场化运作和企业化管理，构建政府主导、企业主体、社会组织和公众共同参与的绿色金融责任体系，引导和激励更多社会资本投入绿色产业。
China has used a gamut of fiscal and tax incentives to mobilize private capital for biodiversity conservation. In 2008, the country rolled out a number of preferential income tax provisions and policies and allowed pre-tax deductions, tax exemptions and 50% discounts for eligible enterprises in such sectors as environmental protection, energy and water conservation, comprehensive utilization of resources, public sewage treatment and waste disposal. China adjusted the consumption tax on refined oil products in 2009, which aided in environmental sustainability by increasing the unit tax and leveraging the role of tax measures. Since 2012, pollution discharge fees have been roughly doubled in a number of provinces. In 2018, China’s environmental NGOs raised a total of 3 billion yuan for the protection of wildlife, the marine environment and wetlands, re-vegetation with trees and grasses and environmental education. In 2020, a national green development fund with a registered capital of 88.5 billion yuan was set up. The move is aimed at establishing a green financial system led by the government, predominated by the businesses and participated by social organizations and the public to direct and incentivize more private investments into green industries through innovative financial mechanisms, market-oriented operations and corporate management practices.
（四）加强生态保护和恢复
4. Strengthening Ecological Protection and Restoration
在湿地、森林、河流、荒漠等领域实施多项重大生态保护工程，取得积极进展。中国坚持“山水林田湖草是生命共同体”的理念，注重自然地理单元的连续性、完整性，物种栖息地的联通性，充分发挥大自然的自我恢复能力，科学推进生态系统修复工程，先后实施了山水林田湖草生态保护修复、退耕还林还草、退田还湿、三北和长江等重点防护林体系建设、天然林保护、森林质量精准提升、京津风沙源治理、石漠化综合治理、海洋牧场、长江流域重点水域禁捕等重点生态工程，有效改善和恢复了重点区域野生动植物生境。森林面积稳步提升，草原退化趋势得到遏制，湿地保护初见成效。自20世纪80年代末以来，森林面积和森林蓄积连续30年保持“双增长”。2009—2019年，全国共完成造林面积7130.7万公顷，成为同期全球森林资源增长最多的国家。卫星观测数据发现，全球从2000—2017年新增的绿地面积中，25%以上来自中国，中国对全球绿化增量的贡献居全球首位。
An array of major ecological protection projects in such areas as wetlands, forests, rivers and desertification have been conducted, and tremendous strides have been made. China subscribes to the philosophy that “mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands are part of a community of life”, and values the continuity and integrity of the natural geographical unit as well as habitat connectivity. Leveraging the self-healing power of nature and advancing ecological restoration projects in a scientific manner, the country has carried out a series of key programs including the protection and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands, conversion of farmland to forest and grassland, conversion of farmland to wetland, establishment of shelterbelts such as the “Three-North” Shelterbelt and the Yangtze River Shelterbelt, natural forest protection, forest quality improvement, the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project, comprehensive treatment of rocky desertification, marine pastures and fishing prohibition in key waters of the Yangtze River Basin. These projects have helped enhance and restore wildlife habitats in key areas. The forest coverage has steadily increased; grassland degradation has been curbed; and wetland protection efforts have seen initial success. Since the tail-end of the 1980s, both forest cover and stock volume have grown for 30 consecutive years. Between 2009 and 2019, China topped the world in forest resource increase with a total of 71.307 million hectares of land afforested. Satellite data show that more than a quarter of the newly added green space in the world between 2000 and 2017 was in China, making it the largest contributor to the greening of the global landscape.
稳步建立生态保护红线制度。生态保护红线是国土空间规划和管理的重要制度创新，是继“18亿亩耕地红线”后，另一条被提到国家层面的“生命线”，对维系生态安全格局、维护生态系统功能、保障经济社会可持续发展具有重要作用，计划到2020年底生态保护红线划定面积占比达到25%左右。在国土空间规划中逐级划定落实生态保护红线，将生态功能极重要和极脆弱区域划入生态保护红线，覆盖以国家公园为主体的各类自然保护地等，通过严格管理，减少人为活动对生态环境的扰动。生态保护红线是中国保护生物多样性、调整经济结构、规划产业发展、推进新型城镇化不可逾越的红线，但并不意味着对所有区域都实行“绝对”保护，它既不是“无人区”，也不是发展的“真空区”。中国政府鼓励各地合理利用生态保护红线内的优质生态资源，探索实现生态产品价值的机制。把绿水青山转化为金山银山，实现生态优势向经济优势的转化。
China has been working steadily to put in place a red line system for ecological protection, which marks a crucial institutional innovation for national spatial planning and management. It is yet another line in the sand drawn by the Chinese government following the declaration of a red line of no less than 1.8 billion mu (120 million hectares) of arable land. The country’s ecological red line is critical in maintaining its ecological security, ecosystem function, and sustainable socioeconomic development. About a quarter of land is scheduled to be covered by the red line by the end of 2020. An ecological red line has been drawn at each level down the chain of government spatial planning. The areas under special protection are important ecologically functional zones and ecologically vulnerable areas and cover all types of nature reserves with national parks being the main component. Environmental degradation caused by human activity has been reduced through strict management protocols. China does not allow its ecological protection red lines to be trampled upon as it strives to protect biodiversity, adjust its economic structure, draw blueprints for industrial development and promote a new type of urbanization. However, this is not equivalent to “absolute” protection for all areas, and is by no means “no man’s land” or a “vacuum” for development. The Chinese government encourages the sustainable utilization of high-quality ecological resources and the exploration of mechanisms to tap into the value of ecological products. In other words, lucid waters and lush mountains can be invaluable assets and the ecological benefits can be harnessed to create economic gains.
（五）不断完善就地与迁地保护
5. Continuing to Improve In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation
在就地保护方面，中国积极建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系。截至2018年底，各类自然保护地总数量已达1.18万个，其中国家公园试点10个，国家级自然保护区474个，省级自然保护区864个。各类自然保护地面积超过172.8万平方公里，占国土面积18%以上。基本形成类型比较齐全、布局基本合理、功能相对完善的自然保护地体系，90%的陆地自然生态系统类型、89%的国家重点保护野生动植物种类以及大多数重要自然遗迹在自然保护区中得到有效保护。
In terms of in-situ conservation, China has made active efforts to establish a protected area system with national parks being the main component. By the end of 2018, China had identified 11,800 protected areas, including 10 pilot national parks, and 474 national-level and 864 provincial-level nature reserves. Together, they span a total of 1.728 million square kilometers, accounting for more than 18% of China’s land mass. A protected area system with a relatively broad spectrum of reserve types, sound layout and complete set of functions has been put in place. Some 90% of the types of natural terrestrial ecosystems, 89% of the species on the national key list of protected wild plants and animals and the majority of China’s natural relics are being protected in the nature reserves.
在迁地保护方面，中国建立植物园（树木园）近200个，保存植物2.3万余种。建立动物园（动物展区）240多个，饲养各类动物775种；建立250处野生动物救护繁育基地，大熊猫、朱鹮等近10种濒危动物种群开始恢复，60多种珍稀、濒危野生动物人工繁殖成功和建立稳定人工种群。
When it comes to ex-situ conservation, China has set up nearly 200 botanical gardens (arboretums) and preserved more than 23,000 species of plants. The country has also built over 240 zoos (animal exhibition sites), in which 775 species of animals are being cared for, and established 250 wild animal rescue and breeding centers. The populations of close to 10 endangered species including the giant panda and crested ibis have begun to rebound. More than 60 rare and endangered wild animal species have gained a stable population through artificial propagation.
（六）加强基础能力建设
6. Strengthening Capacity Building
持续推进数据监测、研究和整理工作。中国先后编制并发布一系列相关技术规范，建立了由10个专项网和1个综合监测管理中心组成的中国生物多样性监测与研究网络。中国还开展了生物多样性编目，先后编制了《中国生物多样性红色名录—高等植物卷》《中国生物多样性红色名录—脊椎动物卷》《中国生物多样性红色名录—大型真菌卷》《中国生物物种名录》等重要的生物物种名录，为掌握全国生物多样性本底积累了基础数据。
China has been committed to data monitoring, research and collation. The country has issued a series of technical guidelines in this field, and created a national biodiversity monitoring and research network composed of 10 special networks and 1 integrated monitoring and management center. It has also undertaken efforts to catalogue biodiversity, resulting in such valuable works as China Biodiversity Red List – Higher Plants, China Biodiversity Red List – Vertebrates, China Biodiversity Red List – Large Fungi and Catalogue of Life in China. They laid a data groundwork for understanding and assessing China’s biodiversity.
大力开展遗传资源保护设施建设。中国建设了长期库、中期库、种质圃、原生境保护点和基因库相结合的国家作物种质资源保护体系。建立了保种场、保护区和基因库相配套的国家畜禽遗传资源保护体系。截至目前，中国长期保存作物资源51万份、畜禽地方品种560多个，位居世界前列。全国范围内建设31个药用植物种质资源保存圃，2个种质资源库，保存种子种苗1.2万多份。
China has vigorously built conservation facilities for genetic resources. A national crop germplasm resources conservation system featuring a consortium of long-term banks, mid-term banks, germplasm repositories, in-situ conservation sites and gene banks has been developed. The country has also established a system of protection for livestock and poultry genetic resources supported by the triple helix of breeding protection sites, protected areas and gene banks. To date, 510,000 specimens of crop plants and more than 560 local breeds of livestock and poultry are being preserved long-term. China ranks among the top in the world by both metrics. The country has set up 31 repositories for the preservation of medicinal plant species and 2 germplasm resource banks, which are responsible for the safekeeping of over 12,000 specimens of seeds and seedlings.
提升外来入侵物种防控能力。中国完善外来物种管理法律制度，发布自然生态系统外来入侵物种名单，指导地方开展外来入侵物种调查监测、防控灭除和监督管理。中国发布了一系列转基因生物及其产品的监测和风险评价技术标准和规范，转基因生物安全管理体系进一步完善。制定并实施《全国动植物保护能力提升工程建设规划（2017—2025年）》，重点加强外来入侵物种防控能力建设，积极防范外来物种入侵。
China has worked to improve the prevention and control of invasive alien species by refining the legal regime for their management, releasing the list of invasive alien species likely to threaten biodiversity and ecosystems, and advising and supporting local governments in the investigation, monitoring, prevention, elimination and management of invasive alien species. China has also issued a series of technical standards and specifications for the monitoring and risk assessment of genetically modified organisms and products, and improved its GMO safety management. The National Animal and Plant Protection Capacity Improvement Plan (2017-2025) has been devised and implemented to strengthen China’s ability to prevent and manage invasive alien species.
（七）加大生物多样性保护监督检查力度
7. Strengthening the Supervision and Inspection of Biodiversity Conservation
中国持续加大对破坏及危害生物多样性等违法活动的监督检查力度，完成了400多处国家级自然保护区卫星遥感监测，225处国家级风景名胜区遥感监测全覆盖，对涉及自然保护区的违法活动采取零容忍态度，通过开展监督检查专项行动进行严肃查处。此外积极开展国际合作，查处涉及野生动植物的违法犯罪案件，持续开展打击整治枪爆物品违法犯罪专项行动，从源头遏制持枪狩猎活动发生；严厉打击走私珍贵濒危野生动植物及其制品等违法行为，对非法携带和邮寄种子种苗等违法行为进行坚决查处，开展打击长江流域非法捕捞专项整治行动和打击市场销售长江流域非法捕捞渔获物专项行动，斩断非法捕捞、运输、销售长江野生鱼类的产业链。
China has continued to step up oversight and investigation of illegal activities such as the damage and endangerment of biodiversity. The monitoring of some 400 national nature reserves through satellite remote sensing has been completed, and 225 national scenic areas are all under the monitoring of remote sensing instruments. The country has adopted a zero-tolerance policy toward illegal activities in nature reserves, and imposed severe penalties accordingly following special investigations. China has actively engaged in international cooperation to investigate and prosecute criminal acts involving wildlife, and conducted special operations to combat illegal firearms and explosives in order to curb at the source the use of firearms for hunting. In addition, the country has cracked down on such activities as the trafficking of precious or endangered animal and plant species and products, investigated and prosecuted the illicit distribution and mailing of seeds and seedlings, launched special campaigns against illegal fishing in the Yangtze River Basin and the sale of illegally caught fish, and cut off the chain of unlawful fishing, transportation and sale of wild fish in the Yangtze River.
