三、促进可持续发展
III. Promoting Sustainable Development文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
（一）生物多样性改善民生文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
1. Improving People’s Livelihood through Biodiversity文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
积极探索生物多样性保护与减贫协同推进。中国大力实施精准扶贫、精准脱贫基本方略，培育优势资源、发展生态产业，积极推进生物多样性保护与减贫试点示范，在充分考虑地方优势生物资源的基础上，研究探索出适合当地的生物多样性保护与减贫协同推进模式，试点地区生物资源均得到有效保护，贫困户年收入显著增加。文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
Proactive actions are taken to pursue synergistic progress in biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction. China has taken major steps in implementing the fundamental strategies for targeted poverty alleviation and elimination, fostering competitive resources to develop eco-industries while actively facilitating pilot and demonstration projects of biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction. With a synergistic model of biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction designed with advantageous local bio-resources taken into consideration, these bio-resources are effectively protected while the poverty-stricken households have seen significant increase in their annual income.文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
文章源自英文巴士-https://www.en84.com/9817.html
在开展生物多样性保护扶贫中，中国注重因地制宜，创新发展模式，发展特色产业。湖北省五峰土家族自治县地处生物多样性关键地区，也是国家级贫困县，通过建立蜜蜂养殖、蜜源植物种植与保护生物多样性协调的减贫模式，全县贫困户中有3500个有望脱贫，户均增收5000多元。该案例于2019年入选由世界银行、联合国粮农组织等联合发起的“110个全球减贫案例征集活动”最佳案例。
In poverty alleviation through biodiversity, China focuses on specific local conditions in innovating development models and empowering industries with distinctive local features. In Wufeng Tujia Ethnic Autonomous County in Hubei Province, a national-level impoverished county which is located in a key area of biodiversity, through a poverty reduction model featuring beekeeping and nectariferous plant farming in synergy with biodiversity conservation, 3,500 households are expected to shake off poverty, with an average income increase of over 5,000 yuan per household. This case was selected as one of the 110 Cases of Global Best Practice in Poverty Reduction initiated jointly by the World Bank and the FAO.
2016年以来，河北省围场县八顷村根据当地气候和土壤优势，积极探索发展生物多样性保护与减贫的产业项目，包括玫珑瓜种植、金莲花种植、有机富硒马铃薯种植、菊芋种植等产业，闯出一条生态产业致富路，带动全村贫困群众脱贫增收，形成了产业项目持续稳定发展的良好局面。2019年底实现整村脱贫，贫困综合发生率降至0.34%。
Since 2016, Baqing Village of Weichang County, Hebei Province has been actively engaged in industrial projects of biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction, capitalizing on local climate and soil advantages. A thriving economy empowered by eco-industries has taken shape with musk melons, trollius chinensis, selenium-rich organic potatoes and jerusalem artichoke generating higher income for the villagers. Thanks to the sustained and steady progress in the industrial projects, the entire village shook off poverty by the end of 2019 and the comprehensive incidence of poverty reduced to 0.34%
（二）促进生物多样性可持续利用
2. Promoting Sustainable Use of Biodiversity
扎实推动农业、林业等领域生物多样性可持续利用。中国通过建立生态文明建设目标评价考核、自然资源有偿使用、生态保护补偿、生态环境损害赔偿、自然资源资产离任审计等制度，积极推动林业、草原、湿地、农业、海洋等领域的生物多样性可持续发展，增加森林、草原、湿地等资源总量，增强生态系统功能，加强资源保护及灾害防控，协同推进生物多样性保护工作。执行《全国农业可持续发展规划（2015—2030年）》，化肥用量提前实现负增长，畜禽粪污、秸秆综合利用水平明显提升。
Substantial progress is made in sustainable use of biodiversity in agriculture and forestry. By introducing ecological civilization performance assessment and accountability, compensated use of natural resources, compensation for ecological conservation, accountability for ecological and environmental damage, off-office auditing of natural resources and assets, among other systems, China is actively promoting sustainable development of biodiversity in forestry, grassland, wetland, agriculture and marine environment, increasing the total forestry, grassland and wetland resources, enhancing the functions of ecosystems and implementing effective measures for resources conservation and disaster prevention for synergistic promotion of biodiversity conservation. With the implementation of the National Plan for Sustainable Development of Agriculture (2015-2030), a negative growth in the use of chemical fertilizers has been achieved ahead of schedule and the comprehensive utilization of livestock and poultry manure and crop stalks has experienced significant improvement.
强化海洋资源和水生生物资源可持续利用。中国实施了基于生态系统的海洋综合管理，开展一系列资源养护政策和措施，加强水生生物保护，可持续利用现有渔业资源。2003年以来，中国对第一大河长江全流域实行了每年3至4个月的禁渔期，2020年1月1日起，长江流域332个水生生物保护区实现全面禁捕，2021年1月1日起，将在长江干流和重要支流以及大型通江湖泊等重点水域实行10年禁捕，为长江生态系统休养生息提供时间和空间，守护长江生物多样性基因库。实施生态保护修复，强化珍稀濒危水生生物保护，大力开展水生生物资源增殖行动，放流重要水生生物苗种，有效修复水生生物资源。实施海洋伏季休渔和捕捞渔船“双控”制度，逐步压减海洋捕捞机动渔船数量和总功率，降低对渔业资源的捕捞压力。实施海洋渔业资源总量管理制度，逐步降低海洋捕捞产量，努力实现海洋捕捞总产量与海洋渔业资源承载能力相协调。
Sustainable use of marine resources and aquatic life resources has been enhanced. With ecosystem-based comprehensive marine management implemented in China, a set of policies and measures for resources conservation are put in place for better protection of aquatic life and sustainable utilization of existing fishery resources. Since 2003, the entire basin of the Yangtze River, the longest river in China, is subject to 3 to 4 months of fishing prohibition annually; since January 1, 2020, a fishing ban has been imposed on all 332 aquatic life conservation areas in the Yangtze River Basin; Starting on January 1, 2021, a ten-year fishing ban will be imposed on the mainstream and key tributaries of the Yangtze River as well as major lakes connected to it to provide time and space for the rehabilitation of its ecosystem, hence protecting the gene bank of biodiversity. Actions are taken for ecological conservation and restoration, emphasizing the protection of rare and endangered aquatic species, the proliferation of aquatic life resources and effective restoration by releasing fish fry into the waters. Summer moratorium of marine fishing and “double control” of fishing vessels, i.e., gradual reduction of both the number and total power of fishing vessels, are pursued to relieve the fishing pressure on fishery resources. A cap-based management system is implemented on marine fishery resources to gradually cut the marine catch, aiming at a balance between total marine catch and marine fishing resources capacity.
（三）生物多样性促进社会公平
3. Promoting Social Justice through Biodiversity
建立生态补偿机制，促进地区间、产业间均衡发展。中国持续加强重点生态功能区转移支付以及森林生态效益补偿、草原生态保护补助奖励和湿地生态补偿等方面的投入，开展生态核心区内居民生态搬迁、贫困地区集体林权制度改革、完善横向生态补偿等方式，推进生态保护扶贫行动。
An eco-compensation mechanism is established to promote balanced development between regions and industries. China has been increasing the transfer payment to key eco-function zones and increased the input in areas like forest eco-efficiency compensation, grassland ecological conservation subsidy and reward, and wetland ecological compensation. Efforts are made to carry out ecological relocation of residents in key eco-function zones and collective forest ownership reforms in poverty-stricken areas, and to improve trans-regional and cross-watershed ecological compensation, with a view to facilitating poverty alleviation through ecological conservation.
中国设立了国家重点生态功能区转移支付制度，充分发挥国家重点生态功能区转移支付的政策导向功能，推动地方政府加强生态环境保护和改善民生。2008—2019年中央财政累计下达转移支付资金5235亿元，年度转移支付金额覆盖818个县。通过国家重点生态功能区转移支付，全国自然保护区内生态系统的原真性和完整性得到了保护，青海三江源自然保护区、南水北调中线水源地保护区等国家重点生态功能区的生态环境质量稳中向好。国家重点生态功能区县域防风固沙、水土保持、水源涵养、生物多样性维护功能等保持稳定，每年生态环境质量良好的县域所占比例基本保持在50%以上，生态环境质量变好和保持稳定的县域比例维持在90%以上。
The transfer payment system for national key eco-function zones has been set up, as a policy guide for local governments in protecting the ecological environment and improving people’s livelihood. From 2008 to 2019, the central government has allocated a total of 523.5 billion yuan in transfer payment, which covers 818 counties annually. Such transfer payment has helped preserve the authenticity and integrity of the ecosystems in national nature reserves. Steady progress has been made in the environment of Sanjiangyuan (source of the Yangtze, Yellow and Lancang rivers) Nature Reserve in Qinghai Province, and the water source area of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Counties at national key ecological function areas have effectively performed their functions in wind-break and sand-fixing, water and soil conservation, water source conservation and biodiversity preservation. Over 50% of them enjoy good environment and over 90% see their environment improved or well maintained.
通过生物多样性保护项目促进性别平等。中国是最早承诺社会性别主流化的46个国家之一，也是第四次世界妇女大会的东道国。中国于1995年制定了《中国妇女发展纲要》，并于2001年、2011年和2018年三次更新。其中，环境被列为促进社会性别平等的七个实施领域之一，共设立了10个目标，包括：全面解决农村饮水安全问题，降低水污染对妇女健康的危害；倡导妇女参与节能减排，践行低碳生活；提高妇女预防和应对灾害风险的能力，满足妇女在减灾中的特殊需求等，目前多数目标已提前实现。
Biodiversity conservation has helped promote gender equality. China is one of the first 46 countries pledging to work for social gender mainstreaming and the host country of the 4th World Conference on Women. China formulated the National Program for the Development of Women in 1995, and then updated it in 2001, 2011 and 2018 respectively. In the Program, environment was identified as one of the seven areas for promoting gender equality, with ten specific goals to be achieved. These goals include developing a holistic approach for drinking water safety in rural areas, reducing the damage to women’s health caused by water pollution, encouraging women to take part in energy-saving and emission reduction programs and lead a low-carbon life, enhancing women’s capacity in terms of disaster and risk prevention and preparedness, and meeting women’s special needs in disaster risk reduction. Most of the goals have been achieved ahead of schedule.
各级地方政府结合地方生态环境资源的特色，以生物多样性保护项目促进性别平等。甘肃省编制了《甘肃保护地项目性别主流化实施计划》和《项目“性别主流化计划”信息收集（监督）规程》，并借助实施相关项目，推动该区域妇女增加经济收入，同步提高家庭和社会地位，充分保障女性在生物多样性主流化过程中获取资源的能力和权利。
Local governments at all levels have promoted gender equality through biodiversity conservation projects by making full use of their respective ecological resources. Gansu Province has developed the Implementation Plan of Gender Mainstreaming in Protected Areas in Gansu and the Guidelines for Information Collection (Supervision) for the Gender Mainstreaming Project to increase women’s income, enhance their family and social status and protect their capability of and right to acquiring resources in the mainstreaming of biodiversity.
