中国的司法改革（中英对照白皮书2012）

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中国的司法改革<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

Judicial Reform in China

 

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

Information Office of the State Council, the People’s Republic of China

 

2012年10月

October 2012, Beijing

 

目录

Contents

 

前言

Preface

 

一、司法制度和改革进程

I. Judicial System and Reform Process

 

二、维护社会公平正义

II. Maintaining Social Fairness and Justice

 

三、加强人权保障

III. Strengthening Human Rights Protection

 

四、提高司法能力

IV. Enhancing Judicial Capabilities

 

五、践行司法为民

V. Judicial Power Serving the People

 

结束语

Conclusion

 

前言

Preface

 

　　司法制度是政治制度的重要组成部分，司法公正是社会公正的重要保障。

 

The judicial system is a major component of the political system, while judicial impartiality is a significant guarantee of social justice.

 

　　新中国成立特别是改革开放以来，中国坚持从国情出发，在承继中国传统法律文化优秀成果、借鉴人类法治文明的基础上，探索建立并不断完善中国特色社会主义司法制度，维护了社会公正，为人类法治文明作出了重要贡献。

 

Since the founding of New China in 1949, and especially since the reform and opening-up policies were introduced some three decades ago, China, proceeding from its national conditions, carrying on the achievements of Chinese traditional legal culture and learning from other civilizations regarding their rule of law, has been building and improving its socialist judicial system with Chinese characteristics, safeguarding social justice and making significant contributions to the rule of law of the mankind.

 

　　中国的司法制度总体上与社会主义初级阶段的基本国情相适应，符合人民民主专政的国体和人民代表大会制度的政体。同时，随着改革开放的不断深入特别是社会主义市场经济的发展、依法治国基本方略的全面落实和民众司法需求的日益增长，中国司法制度迫切需要改革、完善和发展。

 

China’s judicial system is generally consistent with its basic national conditions at the primary stage of socialism, its state system of people’s democratic dictatorship, and its government system of the National People’s Congress. With the further development of China’s reform and opening up, particularly due to the development of the socialist market economy, the comprehensive implementation of the fundamental principle of rule of law, and the increasing demands of the public for justice, China’s judicial system urgently needs to be reformed, improved and developed.

 

　　近些年来，中国积极、稳妥、务实地推进司法体制和工作机制改革，以维护司法公正为目标，以优化司法职权配置、加强人权保障、提高司法能力、践行司法为民为重点，进一步完善中国特色社会主义司法制度，扩大司法民主，推行司法公开，保证司法公正，为中国经济发展和社会和谐稳定提供了有力的司法保障。

 

In recent years, China has been promoting the reform of the judicial system and its work mechanism vigorously, steadily and pragmatically. Aiming to safeguard judicial justice and focusing on optimizing the allocation of judicial functions and power, enhancing protection of human rights, improving judicial capacity, and practicing the principle of “judicature for the people,” China has been striving to improve its judicial system with Chinese characteristics, expand judicial democracy, promote judicial openness and ensure judicial impartiality. This provides a solid judicial guarantee for China’s economic development, social harmony and national stability.

 

　　一、司法制度和改革进程

I. Judicial System and Reform Process

 

　　1949年中华人民共和国建立，开启了中国司法制度建设的新纪元。1949年9月颁布的具有临时宪法性质的《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》和《中华人民共和国中央人民政府组织法》，奠定了新中国的法制基石。1954年制定的《中华人民共和国宪法》和《中华人民共和国人民法院组织法》、《中华人民共和国人民检察院组织法》等法律、法令，规定了人民法院、人民检察院的组织体系和基本职能，确立了合议制度、辩护制度、公开审判制度、人民陪审员制度、法律监督制度、人民调解制度，形成了中国司法制度的基本体系。

 

The founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 ushered in a new era for the building of China’s judicial system. The Common Program of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, which functioned as a provisional Constitution, and the Organic Law of the Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China, both promulgated in September 1949, laid the cornerstone for legal construction in New China. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China promulgated in 1954, the Organic Law of the People’s Courts of the People’s Republic of China, the Organic Law of the People’s Procuratorates of the People’s Republic of China among other laws and regulations, defined the organic system and basic functions of the people’s courts and procuratorates, established the systems of collegiate panels, defense, public trial, people’s jurors, legal supervision, civil mediation, putting into place the basic framework of China’s judicial system.

 

　　20世纪50年代后期以后，特别是“文化大革命”（1966—1976年）十年动乱期间，中国司法制度一度遭到严重破坏。1978年实行改革开放后，中国总结历史经验教训，确立了发展社会主义民主、健全社会主义法制的基本方针，恢复重建了司法制度，制定和修订了一系列基本法律。20世纪90年代，中国确立了依法治国的基本方略，加快建设社会主义法治国家。伴随着社会进步和民主法治建设进程，中国司法制度不断得到完善和发展。

 

Toward the end of 1950s, especially during the ten-year tumultuous “cultural revolution” (1966-1976), China’s judicial system suffered severe damage. Since the reform and opening-up policies were introduced in 1978, China, after summing up its historical experience, established the fundamental policy of promoting socialist democracy and improving socialist legal construction, restored and rebuilt the judicial system, and formulated and amended a range of fundamental laws. In the 1990s, China established the fundamental principle of governing the country in accordance with the law, and quickened the step to build China into a socialist country under the rule of law. During the process of promoting social progress, democracy and the rule of law, China’s judicial system is continuously improving and developing.

 

　　（一）中国司法制度的基本特点

 

1. Basic Characteristics of China’s Judicial System

 

　　中国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。人民代表大会制度是中国的政权组织形式。中国的国体和政体决定了司法权来自人民、属于人民、服务人民。人民法院、人民检察院由各级人民代表大会产生，对它负责，受它监督。

 

China is a socialist country with a people’s democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants. The people’s congress system is the organic form of its state power. China’s state system and system of government decide that its judicial power comes from the people, belongs to the people and serves the people. The people’s courts and the people’s procuratorates are created by the people’s congresses at various levels, to which they are responsible and by which they are supervised. 

 

　　人民法院是国家的审判机关。国家设立最高人民法院、地方各级人民法院和军事法院等专门人民法院,依法审理民事、刑事、行政诉讼案件，开展民事、行政执行和国家赔偿等执法活动。最高人民法院监督地方各级人民法院和专门人民法院的审判工作，上级人民法院监督下级人民法院的审判工作。在诉讼活动中，实行审判公开、合议、回避、人民陪审员、辩护、两审终审等制度。

 

The people’s court is the basic judicial organ in China. The state has set up the Supreme People’s Court, local people’s courts at different levels and special people’s courts such as military courts. They adjudicate civil, criminal and administrative cases in accordance with the law, and carry out law enforcement activities including the execution of civil and administrative cases and state compensation. The Supreme People’s Court supervises the judicial work of all local people’s courts and special people’s courts. The people’s court at a higher level supervises the judicial work of the people’s court at the next lower level. In litigious activities, China adopts the systems of public trial, collegiate panels, challenge, people’s jurors, defense, and judgment of the second instance as final, among others.

 

　　人民检察院是国家的法律监督机关。国家设立最高人民检察院、地方各级人民检察院和军事检察院等专门人民检察院。最高人民检察院领导地方各级人民检察院和专门人民检察院的工作，上级人民检察院领导下级人民检察院的工作。人民检察院依法对刑事、民事、行政诉讼实行法律监督。

 

The people’s procuratorate is the procuratorial organ in China. The state has set up the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, local people’s procuratorates at different levels and special people’s procuratorates such as military procuratorates. The Supreme People’s Procuratorate directs the work of local people’s procuratorates at different levels and special people’s procuratorates. A people’s procuratorate at a higher level directs the work of a people’s procuratorate at the next level below it. The people’s procuratorate exercises legal supervision over criminal, civil and administrative litigations in accordance with the law.

 

　　人民法院、人民检察院依法独立公正行使审判权和检察权，行使权力情况接受人大监督，并自觉接受人民政协的民主监督和社会的监督。

 

The people’s court and the people’s procuratorate exercise their adjudicative power and procuratorial power independently and impartially in accordance with the law. Their exercise of power is subject to the supervision of the National People’s Congress, the Chinese People’ s Political Consultative Conference and the general public.

 

　　人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关办理刑事案件，实行分工负责，互相配合，互相制约，以保证准确有效地执行法律。对刑事案件的侦查、拘留、执行逮捕、预审，由公安机关负责；检察、批准逮捕、检察机关直接受理的案件的侦查、提起公诉，由人民检察院负责；审判由人民法院负责。

 

The people’s courts, the people’s procuratorates and the organs of public security handle criminal cases according to their respective functions, and collaborate with and check each other, so as to ensure the accurate and efficient implementation of law. The organs of public security take charge of the investigation, detention, arrest and pretrial in criminal cases; the people’s procuratorates conduct procuratorial work, approve proposals for arrest, investigate cases directly accepted by them, and initiate public prosecution; and the people’s courts are responsible for conducting trials.

 

　　（二）中国司法改革的目标、原则和进程

 

2. Objectives, Principles and Process of China’s Judicial Reform

 

　　改革开放以来，中国经济社会快速发展，社会公众的法治意识显著增强，司法环境发生深刻变化，司法工作遇到许多新情况、新问题，现行司法体制和工作机制中存在的不完善、不适应问题日益凸显，需要在改革中逐步完善和发展。

 

Since the introduction of the reform and opening-up policies, China has witnessed rapid economic and social development, and the public’s awareness of the importance of the rule of law has been remarkably enhanced. Due to the profound changes in the judicial environment, judicial work in China is facing new situations and problems. The defects and rigidity in China’s current judicial system and its work mechanism are becoming increasingly prominent, and they need to be improved gradually through reform.

 

　　中国司法改革的根本目标是保障人民法院、人民检察院依法独立公正地行使审判权和检察权，建设公正高效权威的社会主义司法制度，为维护人民群众合法权益、维护社会公平正义、维护国家长治久安提供坚强可靠的司法保障。

 

The fundamental objectives of China’s judicial reform are to ensure that the people’s courts and people’s procuratorates exercise adjudicative power and procuratorial power fairly and independently; to establish an impartial, efficient and authoritative socialist judicial system; and to provide solid and reliable judicial guarantee for safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the people, social equity and justice, and lasting national stability.

 

　　中国司法改革始终坚持从国情出发，既博采众长、又不照抄照搬，既与时俱进、又不盲目冒进；坚持群众路线，充分体现人民的意愿，着眼于解决民众不满意的问题，自觉接受人民的监督和检验，真正做到改革为了人民、依靠人民、惠及人民；坚持依法推进，以宪法和法律规定为依据，凡是与现行法律相冲突的，应在修改法律后实施；坚持统筹协调、总体规划、循序渐进、分步推进。

 

China carries out judicial reform based on its national conditions. It draws on the sound practices of other countries but does not blindly copy them; it keeps pace with the times but does not advance rashly and blindly. It sticks to the line of relying on the people, strives to meet their expectations, tackles problems of particular concern to the people, and subjects itself to their supervision and examination, so as to ensure the reform is for the people, relies on the people and benefits the people. It pushes forward the reform in accordance with the law, abiding by the Constitution and other laws and regulations, while those measures that contravene the laws in force should only be implemented after the laws are revised. It adheres to the principle of overall planning and coordination, comprehensive designing, and proceeding in an orderly and gradual way.

 

　　早在20世纪80年代，中国就开始了以强化庭审功能、扩大审判公开、加强律师辩护、建设职业化法官和检察官队伍等为重点内容的审判方式改革和司法职业化改革。

 

As early as in the 1980s, China started reforms in court trials and ensuring professionalism in judicature, focusing on enhancing the function of court trials, expanding the openness of trials, improving attorney defense functions, and training professional judges and procurators.

 

　　从2004年开始，中国启动了统一规划部署和组织实施的大规模司法改革，从民众反映强烈的突出问题和影响司法公正的关键环节入手，按照公正司法和严格执法的要求，从司法规律和特点出发，完善司法机关的机构设置、职权划分和管理制度，健全权责明确、相互配合、相互制约、高效运行的司法体制。中国司法改革走向整体统筹、有序推进的阶段。

 

In 2004, China launched large-scale judicial reforms based on overall planning, deployment and implementation. Starting with issues that caused complaints from the public and the key links that hamper judicial justice, according to the demands of promoting judicial impartiality and strict enforcement of the law, and proceeding from the regular pattern and characteristics of judicial practice, China improved the structure of its judicial organs, division of judicial functions and system of judicial management, to establish a judicial system featuring clearly defined power and responsibilities, mutual collaboration and restraint, and highly efficient operation. Thereby, China’s judicial reform entered a phase of overall planning and advancing in an orderly way.

 

　　从2008年开始，中国启动了新一轮司法改革，司法改革进入重点深化、系统推进的新阶段。改革从民众司法需求出发，以维护人民共同利益为根本，以促进社会和谐为主线，以加强权力监督制约为重点，抓住影响司法公正、制约司法能力的关键环节，解决体制性、机制性、保障性障碍，从优化司法职权配置、落实宽严相济刑事政策、加强司法队伍建设、加强司法经费保障等四个方面提出具体改革任务。目前，本轮司法改革的任务已基本完成，并体现在修订完善的相关法律中。随着中国经济社会的不断进步与发展，中国司法改革也将进一步深入推进。   

 

Since 2008, China has initiated a new round of judicial reform, and entered a stage of deepening in key areas and overall advancement. The reform proceeds from the demands of the public for justice, with safeguarding the people’s common interests as its fundamental task, promoting social harmony as the main principle and strengthening supervision and restraint of power as priority. China aims to tackle problems in the key links that hamper judicial justice and restrain judicial capability, remove existing barriers in the institutional setup and operational mechanism as well as provision of legal guarantee, and put forward the specific tasks for judicial reform in four aspects - optimizing the allocation of judicial functions and power, implementing the policy of balancing leniency and severity, building up the ranks of judicial workers, and ensuring judicial funding. Currently, the tasks of this round of judicial reform have been basically completed, as relevant laws have been amended and improved. As China is making continuous progress in economic and social development, its judicial reform is bound to advance further.